Caracterización molecular del cáncer gástrico HER2 positivo y su aplicabilidad práctica para el tratamiento personalizado del cáncer gástrico
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2017
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21/12/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El cáncer gástrico es el 5º tipo más frecuente de cáncer y la 3º causa de muerte por cáncer en ambos sexos a nivel mundial, con casi un millón de nuevos casos diagnosticados cada año y una supervivencia global inferior al 30% a los 5 años. Este pronóstico infausto se debe a que un elevado porcentaje de pacientes son diagnosticados en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad, y a un aumento relativo de los adenocarcinomas localizados en la unión gastroesofágica, de más difícil manejo quirúrgico. En países occidentales, en un 50% de los pacientes la enfermedad debuta en un estadio metastásico, y del 50% restante sólo la mitad de los pacientes alcanzan una resección quirúrgica potencialmente curativa. En el caso de los estadios avanzados la supervivencia global es inferior al 5% a los 5 años, con medianas de supervivencia que continúan siendo inferiores al año a pesar de las mejoras introducidas en el tratamiento con esquemas de poliquimioterapia. La única excepción a esta falta de mejora en términos de supervivencia global la constituyen los tumores con sobreexpresión y/o amplificación del oncogén HER2 tratados con Trastuzumab. En estos casos, la adición al tratamiento quimioterápico de Trastuzumab, un anticuerpo monoclonal específicamente dirigido frente al receptor de membrana celular codificado por este oncogen, ha logrado aumentar la supervivencia hasta lograr medianas de 13-16 meses. Sin embargo, la supervivencia de estos pacientes aún continúa siendo pobre y existen múltiples preguntas todavía sin contestar, tales como cuáles son los mecanismos de resistencia a la terapia dirigida frente a HER2 y qué hacer en el momento de la progresión a una primera línea de quimioterapia en combinación con Trastuzumab en los pacientes HER2 positivos, los cuales representan entre el 7 y el 34% de los cánceres gástricos según la localización y la histología...
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer and the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death in men and women worldwide, with almost a million of new cases diagnosed every year and a 5-year overall survival rate <30%. The poor prognosis of gastric cancer is due to the high percentage of patients diagnosed in advanced stage of the disease, and the relative increased incidence of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, whose surgical management is more difficult. In Western countries, the disease appears in a metastatic stage in 50% of patients, and only a half of the remaining 50% of patients achieve a potentially curative surgical resection. In advanced stages, 5-years overall survival rate remain <5%, with a median survival lower than one year, despite treatment improvements with multidrug therapy schedules. The only exception to this lack of improvement in terms of overall survival consists of tumors with overexpression and/or amplification of HER2 treated with Trastuzumab. In these cases, the addition of Trastuzumab to chemotherapy, a monoclonal antibody specifically raised against the cell membrane receptor encoded by this oncogene, has managed to increase survival, raising median of up to 13 to 16 months. However, the survival of these patients remains poor and there are many unanswered questions, such as the mechanisms of resistance to HER2-targeted therapy, or which should be the treatment after progression to fist-line therapy based on Trastuzumab in HER2-positive gastric cancer patients. Depending on histology and location, HER2-positive gastric cancer represents between 7 and 34% of gastric cancer patients. Nowadays, the combination of next-generation sequencing technology, immunochemistry and in situ hybridization studies, allows a comprehensive study of different molecular alterations as potential therapeutic targets or predictors of sensitivity or resistance to available treatments. Last years, many studies have been published aimed at identifying genetic alterations that allow you to select specific treatment in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. However, there are few data on the simultaneity of these changes and the possible interrelationships between different oncogenic pathways, which may affect the response to targeted therapy against HER2, in HER2-positive tumors...
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer and the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death in men and women worldwide, with almost a million of new cases diagnosed every year and a 5-year overall survival rate <30%. The poor prognosis of gastric cancer is due to the high percentage of patients diagnosed in advanced stage of the disease, and the relative increased incidence of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, whose surgical management is more difficult. In Western countries, the disease appears in a metastatic stage in 50% of patients, and only a half of the remaining 50% of patients achieve a potentially curative surgical resection. In advanced stages, 5-years overall survival rate remain <5%, with a median survival lower than one year, despite treatment improvements with multidrug therapy schedules. The only exception to this lack of improvement in terms of overall survival consists of tumors with overexpression and/or amplification of HER2 treated with Trastuzumab. In these cases, the addition of Trastuzumab to chemotherapy, a monoclonal antibody specifically raised against the cell membrane receptor encoded by this oncogene, has managed to increase survival, raising median of up to 13 to 16 months. However, the survival of these patients remains poor and there are many unanswered questions, such as the mechanisms of resistance to HER2-targeted therapy, or which should be the treatment after progression to fist-line therapy based on Trastuzumab in HER2-positive gastric cancer patients. Depending on histology and location, HER2-positive gastric cancer represents between 7 and 34% of gastric cancer patients. Nowadays, the combination of next-generation sequencing technology, immunochemistry and in situ hybridization studies, allows a comprehensive study of different molecular alterations as potential therapeutic targets or predictors of sensitivity or resistance to available treatments. Last years, many studies have been published aimed at identifying genetic alterations that allow you to select specific treatment in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. However, there are few data on the simultaneity of these changes and the possible interrelationships between different oncogenic pathways, which may affect the response to targeted therapy against HER2, in HER2-positive tumors...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, leída el 21-12-2016