Ecosistemas microbianos endolíticos en nódulos superficiales de halita del desierto hiperárido de Atacama: microclima, microhábitat y biodiversidad
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2016
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26/01/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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El desierto de Atacama está considerado como el desierto más seco (P <2mm año-1) y más antiguo (90-150 Ma) de la Tierra. Su núcleo hiperárido constituye uno de los ambientes más extremos y ha sido considerado como carente de vida. En esta zona, las precipitaciones atmosféricas son tremendamente escasas e irregulares que junto con las elevadas tasas de evaporación (1300-1600 mm año-1) genera prolongados periodos de desecación. Aparte de la hiperaridez, el desierto de Atacama presenta también otros factores ambientales que imponen severos límites para la vida, tales como una intensa radiación solar que conlleva una elevada dosis de radiación UV, una amplia oscilación diaria de la temperatura y la humedad relativa, condiciones oligotróficas extremas, y con frecuencia elevadas concentraciones de oxidantes inorgánicos y sales en los suelos. En este escenario, como en otros desiertos, los ecosistemas líticos se convierten en los componentes biológicos dominantes. De entre todos los hábitats litobionticos descubiertos formando “islas” u “oasis” a lo largo del desierto de Atacama, cobra especial relevancia la colonización endolítica de los nódulos superficiales de halita que se encuentran presentes en diferentes salares fósiles repartidos por el núcleo hiperárido. Estos nódulos constituyen formaciones exclusivas del desierto de Atacama que permiten el establecimiento de comunidades microbianas basadas en fotosíntesis en áreas previamente descritas como el “limite seco para la vida fotosintética en la Tierra”...
The Atacama Desert is considered the driest (<2mm year-1 rainfall) and the oldest (90-150 My) desert on Earth. Its hyperarid core is one of the most extreme environments and has been considered lifeless. In this area atmospheric precipitations are extremely scarce and irregular which together with high rates of evaporation (1300-1600 mm year-1) generates long periods of desiccation. Aside from the hyperaridity, Atacama Desert also has other environmental factors that impose severe limits to life, such as elevated UV-radiation levels and intense solar radiation, large daily fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity, extreme oligotrophic conditions, and often elevated concentrations of inorganic oxidants and salts in soils. In this scenario, as in others deserts, lithic ecosystems become the dominant biological components. Among all the lithobiontic habitats discovered forming “islands” or “oasis” across the Atacama Desert, the endolithic colonization of superficial halite nodules that are present in different fossil salt flats scattered in the hyperarid core is particularly relevant. These nodules are unique formations of the Atacama Desert which allow the establishment of microbial communities based on photosynthesis in areas previously described as "dry limit for photosynthetic life on Earth"...
The Atacama Desert is considered the driest (<2mm year-1 rainfall) and the oldest (90-150 My) desert on Earth. Its hyperarid core is one of the most extreme environments and has been considered lifeless. In this area atmospheric precipitations are extremely scarce and irregular which together with high rates of evaporation (1300-1600 mm year-1) generates long periods of desiccation. Aside from the hyperaridity, Atacama Desert also has other environmental factors that impose severe limits to life, such as elevated UV-radiation levels and intense solar radiation, large daily fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity, extreme oligotrophic conditions, and often elevated concentrations of inorganic oxidants and salts in soils. In this scenario, as in others deserts, lithic ecosystems become the dominant biological components. Among all the lithobiontic habitats discovered forming “islands” or “oasis” across the Atacama Desert, the endolithic colonization of superficial halite nodules that are present in different fossil salt flats scattered in the hyperarid core is particularly relevant. These nodules are unique formations of the Atacama Desert which allow the establishment of microbial communities based on photosynthesis in areas previously described as "dry limit for photosynthetic life on Earth"...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ecología, leída el 26-01-2016