El segundo mandato Trump: antiglobalismo, supremacismo y políticas hemisféricas
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Publication date
2025
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Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos (IEEE), Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN)
Citation
Sanahuja, Jose Antonio (2025). “El segundo mandato Trump: antiglobalismo, supremacismo, y políticas hemisféricas”, en VVAA, Los nuevos retos de seguridad y defensa en Iberoamérica ante los cambios globales. Madrid, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos (IEEE), Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN), Cuadernos de Estrategia nº 231, ISBN 978-84-1083-041-7 (libro impreso), Cuadernos de Estrategia: ISSN 1697-6924 (edición impresa), ISSN 2952-3443 (edición en línea), pp. 15-52.
Abstract
En sus primeras semanas, el segundo mandato de Donald Trump se ha caracterizado por su radicalidad e ímpetu y por una estrategia de comunicación que sitúa a sus oponentes a la defensiva. Sus políticas, basadas en el Proyecto 2025 de la Fundación Heritage, están erosionando los controles democráticos y de los poderes legislativo y judicial, y pretenden debilitar la administración federal. La coalición política que apoya a Trump incluye los tecnopolios digitales y un partido republicano transformado que vira hacia la extrema derecha.
Dando prioridad a la cuestión migratoria, ha adoptado una serie de órdenes ejecutivas, en ocasiones de dudosa legalidad, que incluyen deportaciones masivas y militarización de la frontera. Con argumentos tanto ideológicos como de eficiencia, ha iniciado el desmantelamiento de distintas agencias federales.
En ese contexto, se examina la política exterior «America First», que parte del rechazo al multilateralismo y prioriza el uso de aranceles como herramienta coercitiva. Supone retirar a Estados Unidos de varios acuerdos internacionales y adoptar una política comercial marcadamente proteccionista. Trump también
cuestiona el vínculo noratlántico, lo que implica un cambio en las relaciones con Europa y el apoyo a Rusia en la guerra de Ucrania. Prioriza la contención de China desde el Indopacífico, con un menor compromiso con la OTAN. El capítulo dedica especial atención a América Latina, a la que amenaza con el aumento
de aranceles. Con relación a México, ha adoptado políticas migratorias estrictas que incluyen deportaciones y la militarización de la frontera. En Panamá, ha exigido un mayor control del canal frente a la supuesta amenaza de China.
El capítulo concluye que el segundo mandato de Trump es más radical, organizado y estratégico que el primero, con un fuerte cuestionamiento del orden liberal internacional. Estados Unidos se ha convertido en un socio errático e impredecible, lo que dificulta la cooperación internacional. La política exterior de Trump,
agresiva e ideologizada, amplifica la crisis de la globalización y la rivalidad geopolítica, haciendo de Estados Unidos un actor difícil de tratar en un sistema internacional altamente interconectado.
In its first weeks, Donald Trump’s second term has been marked by his radicalism and dynamism, and by a communication strategy that puts his opponents on the defensive. His policies, based on the Heritage Foundation’s Project 2025, erode democratic controls, circumvent legislative and judicial checks and balances, and seek to weaken the federal administration. The political coalition supporting Trump includes the digital technopoles and a transformed Republican Party shifting to the far right. By prioritizing immigration, he has issued a series of executive orders, some of questionable legality, which include mass deportations and the militarization of the border. With arguments based on ideology as well as efficiency, he has begun the dismantling of several federal agencies. In this context, the “America First” foreign policy is examined, which is based on the rejection of multilateralism and prioritizes the use of tariffs as a coercive tool. It involves the withdrawal of the United States from various international agreements and the adoption of a markedly protectionist trade policy. Trump also questions the North Atlantic link, which implies a change in relations with Europe and support for Russia in the war in Ukraine. He prioritizes the containment of China from the Indo-Pacific, with less commitment to NATO. The chapter pays special attention to Latin America, which he threatens with increased tariffs. Regarding Mexico, it has adopted a strict immigration policy, including deportations and the militarization of the border. In Panama, he has called for greater control of the canal in the face of a perceived threat from China. The chapter concludes that Trump’s second term has been more radical, organized, and strategic than his first, with a strong questioning of the liberal international order. The United States has become an erratic and unpredictable partner, making international cooperation increasingly difficult. Trump’s aggressive and ideologized foreign policy exacerbates the crisis of globalization and geopolitical rivalry. This makes the United States a difficult actor to deal with in a highly interconnected international system.
In its first weeks, Donald Trump’s second term has been marked by his radicalism and dynamism, and by a communication strategy that puts his opponents on the defensive. His policies, based on the Heritage Foundation’s Project 2025, erode democratic controls, circumvent legislative and judicial checks and balances, and seek to weaken the federal administration. The political coalition supporting Trump includes the digital technopoles and a transformed Republican Party shifting to the far right. By prioritizing immigration, he has issued a series of executive orders, some of questionable legality, which include mass deportations and the militarization of the border. With arguments based on ideology as well as efficiency, he has begun the dismantling of several federal agencies. In this context, the “America First” foreign policy is examined, which is based on the rejection of multilateralism and prioritizes the use of tariffs as a coercive tool. It involves the withdrawal of the United States from various international agreements and the adoption of a markedly protectionist trade policy. Trump also questions the North Atlantic link, which implies a change in relations with Europe and support for Russia in the war in Ukraine. He prioritizes the containment of China from the Indo-Pacific, with less commitment to NATO. The chapter pays special attention to Latin America, which he threatens with increased tariffs. Regarding Mexico, it has adopted a strict immigration policy, including deportations and the militarization of the border. In Panama, he has called for greater control of the canal in the face of a perceived threat from China. The chapter concludes that Trump’s second term has been more radical, organized, and strategic than his first, with a strong questioning of the liberal international order. The United States has become an erratic and unpredictable partner, making international cooperation increasingly difficult. Trump’s aggressive and ideologized foreign policy exacerbates the crisis of globalization and geopolitical rivalry. This makes the United States a difficult actor to deal with in a highly interconnected international system.