Los grandes deslizamientos inducidos por los terremotos de El Salvador del 2001: Control litológico y estructural
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2008
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Sociedad Geológica de España
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Abstract
En El Salvador se han producido numerosos terremotos de magnitud moderada y alta, que han
causado daños directos severos y una gran alarma social, fundamentalmente por los fenómenos
geológicos indirectos asociados a ellos (deslizamientos, derrumbes, liquefacción etc.). El impacto de estos
quedó demostrado en los dos sismos ocurridos en el año 2001, que produjeron un gran número de
inestabilidades de ladera, repartidas en un área muy amplia, causando decenas de víctimas y daños
económicos muy elevados. Tanto el área afectada, como el volumen de materiales removilizados, parecen
ser mayores en El Salvador que en otras regiones con similares características sísmicas. Esto es debido a
que la mayor parte del país está formado por materiales volcánicos recientes, no consolidados, de
comportamiento mecánico anómalo y muy susceptibles a la amplificación de las ondas sísmicas,
produciendo en la mayoría de las ocasiones un aumento de la concentración de los deslizamientos y del
volumen de material movilizado. Por otra parte, los grandes deslizamientos están asociados a las
estructuras geológicas (fallas, lineaciones topográficas), lo que indica un fuerte control estructural en su
distribución y tamaño.
In El Salvador there have taken place numerous earthquakes of high and moderate magnitude, causing severe damage and a great social alarm fundamentally associated with landslides. The impact of these remained demonstrated by the two last earthquakes in 2001 that produced a great number of landslides of many different types distributed in a very wide area along the country. They cause substantial loss of life, economic damage, and short-and long term landscape change. Both the areas affected, and the volume of removilized materials, seem to be major in El Salvador than in other regions with similar seismic characteristics. This is due to geological and structural control of these processes. In This sense most of the geological materials are mainly recent volcanic soft soils, which have anomalous mechanical behaviour producing a large internal deformation. These materials are also prone to local seismic amplification. On the other hand, the large slides triggered by the earthquakes are associated with, geological structures (faults, topographic lineation), which indicates a strong structural control on there distribution.
In El Salvador there have taken place numerous earthquakes of high and moderate magnitude, causing severe damage and a great social alarm fundamentally associated with landslides. The impact of these remained demonstrated by the two last earthquakes in 2001 that produced a great number of landslides of many different types distributed in a very wide area along the country. They cause substantial loss of life, economic damage, and short-and long term landscape change. Both the areas affected, and the volume of removilized materials, seem to be major in El Salvador than in other regions with similar seismic characteristics. This is due to geological and structural control of these processes. In This sense most of the geological materials are mainly recent volcanic soft soils, which have anomalous mechanical behaviour producing a large internal deformation. These materials are also prone to local seismic amplification. On the other hand, the large slides triggered by the earthquakes are associated with, geological structures (faults, topographic lineation), which indicates a strong structural control on there distribution.