Publication: El Estigma en la Salud Mental: Estigma Implícito y Explícito
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2021-05-28
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El estigma asociado a los problemas de salud mental supone una barrera más a la que las personas afectadas por estos problemas deben hacer frente. En relación a este concepto es posible encontrar tres niveles de estigma en constante interacción: estructural, social y personal. A nivel estructural el estigma implica normas, políticas y procedimientos de entidades públicas o privadas que restringen los derechos y oportunidades. El estigma social hace referencia a los pensamientos, emociones y conductas negativas hacia los problemas de salud mental que existen en todos los miembros de la sociedad. Mientras que, a nivel personal, es necesario destacar el estigma internalizado, que implica la asunción del estigma social y autoaplicación e internalización del mismo, con importantes repercusiones para la calidad de vida y bienestar de las personas que lo padecen. En esta investigación nos centraremos en el estigma social, y en mayor medida, en el estigma internalizado.
En relación a la evaluación del estigma, cabe señalar que tradicionalmente se ha llevado a cabo con medidas de autoinforme explícitas, aunque desde el campo de las actitudes y cognición social, con el desarrollo del paradigma implícito, se ha sugerido el uso de medidas de tipo implícito o indirecto, como por ejemplo el Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT). El uso de este tipo de herramientas en la evaluación del estigma puede ayudar a comprender mejor el fenómeno, aunque aún es necesaria más investigación en este ámbito, existiendo únicamente un par de estudios sobre estigma internalizado a nivel implícito. Por otro lado, también en relación con el estigma internalizado, es necesario comentar que la mayoría de las investigaciones y modelos teóricos desarrollados se han centrado únicamente en muestras formadas por personas con trastornos mentales graves (TMG), sin tener en cuenta otros problemas como la depresión o la ansiedad, en los cuales el estigma internalizado también está presente. Además, la mayoría de los modelos teóricos que han tratado de explicar la internalización y consecuencias del estigma internalizado, están limitados por estas dos cuestiones, siendo la mayoría desarrollados únicamente en muestras de personas con TMG, y ninguno de ellos ha tratado de contemplar una dimensión implícita del estigma...
Stigma associated with mental health is one more barrier that people affected by these problems must deal with. Three levels of stigma in constant interaction can be found in relation to this concept: structural, social and personal. At the structural level, the stigma involves rules, policies and procedures of public or private entities that restrict rights and opportunities. Social stigma refers to negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors toward mental health problems that exist in all members of society. Whereas, on a personal level, it is necessary to highlight internalized stigma, which implies the assumption of social stigma and its self-application and internalization, with important implications for the quality of life and well-being of those who suffer from it. In this research we will focus on social stigma, and to a greater extent, internalized stigma. Regarding the evaluation of stigma, it should be noted that traditionally it has been carried out with explicit self-report measures, although from the field of attitudes and social cognition, with the development of the implicit paradigm, the use of implicit type measures has been suggested, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The use of indirect measures in the assessment of stigma can help to better understand the phenomenon, although more research is still needed in this area, with only a couple of studies on internalized stigma at the implicit level. On the other hand, also in relation to internalized stigma, it is necessary to comment that most of the research and theoretical models developed have only been focused on samples composed of people with severe mental disorders (SMD), without taking into account other problems such as depression or anxiety, in which internalized stigma is also present. In addition, most of the theoretical models that have tried to explain the internalization and consequences of internalized stigma are limited by these two issues, being most of them developed only in samples of people with SMD, an none of them have tried to contemplate an implicit dimension of stigma...
Stigma associated with mental health is one more barrier that people affected by these problems must deal with. Three levels of stigma in constant interaction can be found in relation to this concept: structural, social and personal. At the structural level, the stigma involves rules, policies and procedures of public or private entities that restrict rights and opportunities. Social stigma refers to negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors toward mental health problems that exist in all members of society. Whereas, on a personal level, it is necessary to highlight internalized stigma, which implies the assumption of social stigma and its self-application and internalization, with important implications for the quality of life and well-being of those who suffer from it. In this research we will focus on social stigma, and to a greater extent, internalized stigma. Regarding the evaluation of stigma, it should be noted that traditionally it has been carried out with explicit self-report measures, although from the field of attitudes and social cognition, with the development of the implicit paradigm, the use of implicit type measures has been suggested, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The use of indirect measures in the assessment of stigma can help to better understand the phenomenon, although more research is still needed in this area, with only a couple of studies on internalized stigma at the implicit level. On the other hand, also in relation to internalized stigma, it is necessary to comment that most of the research and theoretical models developed have only been focused on samples composed of people with severe mental disorders (SMD), without taking into account other problems such as depression or anxiety, in which internalized stigma is also present. In addition, most of the theoretical models that have tried to explain the internalization and consequences of internalized stigma are limited by these two issues, being most of them developed only in samples of people with SMD, an none of them have tried to contemplate an implicit dimension of stigma...
Description
Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico I (Psicología Clínica), leída el 09/04/2021