Narcóticos anónimos y centros de atención al drogodependiente: un análisis antropológico de dos recursos asistenciales
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2019
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03/04/2018
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Como indicó Romaní (1999), la construcción social del problema de la droga sucedió en España entre 1975 y 1995. En ese período de tiempo se generaron no sólo unos modelos explicativos sobre esta problemática, sino un conjunto de políticas, modos de atención, recursos asistenciales, patologías y modelos de intervención, construidos sobre dos pilares concretos: la demonización y marginación. Durante este proceso, se generalizaron particularidades ocasionadas al uso de ciertas sustancias (heroína) a la totalidad de las situaciones.Si bien es cierto que este período se caracterizó por un consumo centrado en esta sustancia, en la actualidad ha perdido protagonismo por otras (cocaína y drogas de síntesis). A pesar de esto, seguimos encontrando la definición tanto de estas drogas distintas a la heroína como de sus consumidores, en los mismos términos.Será el análisis de este proceso, encontrado no sólo en los modelos explicativos actuales, sino también a nivel discursivo y de intervención en los recursos asistenciales, aquello que centre el análisis de esta tesis doctoral.Un solo vistazo a los datos facilitados tanto por la Fundación de Ayuda contra la Drogadicción como por el Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (principales instituciones dedicadas a las adicciones) enseñan cómo, año tras año, el número de personas que consumen drogas no deja de crecer. Mostrando la inoperatividad no sólo de las políticas y tipos de tratamientos que derivan de un modo concreto de entender las adicciones, sino los errores conceptuales de base sobre los que estos son construidos, siendo este uno de los principales ejes de reflexión de este trabajo...
As stated by Romani (1999), the social construction of the drug problem took place in Spain between 1975 and 1995. This period involved the generation of explanatory models regarding this issue in addition to a range of policies, care models, care facilities, pathologies and forms of intervention, all constructed on the basis of two specific pillars: demonization and marginalization. This was not merely restricted to the substances but also affected those who consumed them, generalizing particularities caused by the use of certain substances (heroin) across all situations.Though it is true that consumption during this period was characterized by a focus on heroin, this substance has now lost its dominant position and been replaced by others (cocaine and synthetic drugs). Despite this change, we continue to find these non-heroin drugs and their consumers being defined in the same terms.The analysis contained in this doctoral thesis will be focused on this process, which is found both in the explanatory models and also at the level of discourse and intervention within the care facilities. A glance at the information provided by both the Anti-Drug Addiction Aid Foundation (Fundación de Ayuda contra la Drogadicción) and the National Drug Plan (Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas) (the main institutions dedicated to addiction) shows the continuing year-on-year growth in the number of people consuming drugs. This demonstrates the invalidity of the policies and treatment methods deriving from a particular way of understanding addictions, in addition to the conceptual errors on the basis of which these policies and treatments are constructed. This is one of the key focuses for discussion in this work...
As stated by Romani (1999), the social construction of the drug problem took place in Spain between 1975 and 1995. This period involved the generation of explanatory models regarding this issue in addition to a range of policies, care models, care facilities, pathologies and forms of intervention, all constructed on the basis of two specific pillars: demonization and marginalization. This was not merely restricted to the substances but also affected those who consumed them, generalizing particularities caused by the use of certain substances (heroin) across all situations.Though it is true that consumption during this period was characterized by a focus on heroin, this substance has now lost its dominant position and been replaced by others (cocaine and synthetic drugs). Despite this change, we continue to find these non-heroin drugs and their consumers being defined in the same terms.The analysis contained in this doctoral thesis will be focused on this process, which is found both in the explanatory models and also at the level of discourse and intervention within the care facilities. A glance at the information provided by both the Anti-Drug Addiction Aid Foundation (Fundación de Ayuda contra la Drogadicción) and the National Drug Plan (Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas) (the main institutions dedicated to addiction) shows the continuing year-on-year growth in the number of people consuming drugs. This demonstrates the invalidity of the policies and treatment methods deriving from a particular way of understanding addictions, in addition to the conceptual errors on the basis of which these policies and treatments are constructed. This is one of the key focuses for discussion in this work...