Coastal dynamics and risk assessment in the Gambia

Abstract

West African coasts are experiencing a significant retreat on average, albeit highly variable according to sections. Shoreline changes were analyzed in ten sections along the Gambian coast between 2011 and 2023. The results indicated a predominant retreat, ranging from 1.27 to 4.51 m per year, with the most severe retreat occurring in the northern part of the country. However, localized accretion zones were also detected, where the coastline has expanded by 0.54 m per year. Coastal vulnerability is linked not only to the intensity of erosive processes but also to the degree of urbanization. In areas with severe retreat but limited construction, sea advance forms new beaches inland, but in developed areas, it leads to the destruction of infrastructure and buildings, causing major social impacts. Coastal planning must be adjusted to accommodate the future evolution of the shoreline, enabling beaches to shift inland. While this may result in land loss, it will enable the preservation of beaches, a vital tourism resource for Gambia's economy.