Caracterización de nuevos ligandos cannabinoides con potencial neuroprotector
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2017
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24/11/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Desde que se descubrió el principal componente psicoactivo de la planta Cannabis sativa (Δ9-THC) y sus efectos farmacológicos sobre el organismo, se investigó la posible existencia de los receptores sobre los que podría actuar esta molécula, así como la de sus ligandos endógenos cannabimiméticos y la maquinaria enzimática responsable de la síntesis y degradación de eCBs. Al conjunto de estos elementos se le denominó SCE. En la actualidad se conocen dos receptores cannabinoides, ambos de la familia de GPCRs, denominados CB1 y CB2, cuya homología es del 44%, la cual asciende al 68% si se atiende a los segmentos transmembrana. El primero se localiza fundamentalmente en SNC, aunque también se ha observado su presencia en varios órganos periféricos; mientras que la distribución del segundo se ha considerado clásicamente periférica, principalmente en células del sistema inmune, aunque también se ha observado su presencia en distintos tipos de células del SNC, especialmente en células gliales activadas. Los efectos psicoactivos provocados por los cannabinoides, se deben a la activación del receptor CB1, al estar ubicado en neuronas de determinadas áreas del cerebro relacionadas con procesos cognitivos y emocionales. Existen además, nuevas dianas para los cannabinoides como el receptor ionotrópico TRPV1, los receptores nucleares PPAR y otros receptores metabotrópicos, sobre los que aún existe controversia sobre su ligando endógeno, como los receptores GPR55 o GPR18. En cuanto a las moléculas con capacidad para activar los receptores cannabinoides, se encuentran los fitocannabinoides (cannabinoides presentes en la planta), los eCBs (moléculas endógenas de origen animal) y cannabinoides de nueva síntesis, que se han desarrollado para mejorar las propiedades de los cannabinoides naturales y ser utilizados como terapia o como herramienta en el laboratorio. Los principales eCBs son la AEA y el 2-AG, ambos derivados del AA, los cuales se comportan como agonistas de los receptores CB1 y CB2. También se conocen más moléculas cannabimiméticas endógenas que tienen capacidad de activar los receptores, o bien de potenciar la señalización endocannabinoide, impidiendo la degradación de los principales eCBs. Se han estudiado los mecanismos de síntesis y degradación fundamentalmente de la AEA y el 2-AG, los cuales son sintetizados a demanda y degradados tras su acción. En cuanto a la AEA, su síntesis es fundamentalmente llevada a cabo por la acción consecutiva de dos enzimas dependientes de calcio: la NAT y la NAPE-PLD, aunque existen otras rutas alternativas, y su degradación tiene lugar principalmente por la acción de una serín-hidrolasa llamada FAAH. En cuanto al 2-AG, su síntesis es llevada a cabo a partir de DAG mediante la acción de una DAGL, aunque al igual que para la AEA, también hay otras rutas alternativas para su síntesis, y su degradación tiene lugar por la acción de la enzima MAGL, aunque existen otras con capacidad semejante. Aunque no se consideran mecanismos de degradación por la cantidad de metabolitos secundarios que se originan, los eCBs también pueden ser sometidos a rutas de metabolismo oxidativo, originando EETs y HETEs por la acción de LOXs y COXs, respectivamente...
Since the major psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa (Δ9-THC) and its pharmacological effects on the body was discovered, the possible existence of the receptors in which this molecule acts was investigated, as well as their endogenous ligands whith cannabimimetic activity and enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of eCBs. The whole of these elements was called Endocannabinoid System (ECS). Currently two cannabinoid receptors are known, both belong to GPCŔs family, which are called CB1 and CB2 receptors. The homology between them is 44%, but it increases at 68% considering only the transmembrane segments. CB1 receptor is mainly located in CNS (Central Neuron System), but its presence has also been observed in several peripheral organs; while the distribution of the CB2 receptor has been classically considered peripheral, mainly located in immune cells, although it has also been observed in various cells types present in CNS, particularly in activated glial cells. The psychoactive effects caused by cannabinoids are due to the activation of the CB1 receptor, because they are located in neurons of certain areas of the brain associated with cognitive and emotional processes. There are also new targets for cannabinoids as the ionotropic receptor TRPV1, the PPAR nuclear receptors and other metabotropic receptors, on which there is still controversy over its endogenous ligand, such as GPR55 or GPR18 receptors. Molecules known for their ability to activate cannabinoid receptors are phytocannabinoids (cannabinoids present in the plant), eCBs (endogenous animal molecules) and synthetic cannabinoids, which have been developed to improve the properties of natural cannabinoids and used as therapy or as laboratory tools. The most important eCBs are AEA and 2-AG, both derived from AA, which behave as agonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Other endogenous molecules with ability to activate cannabinoid receptors are also known and other that enhance endocannabinoid signaling, by preventing degradation of main eCBs. The mechanisms of synthesis and degradation of AEA and 2-AG have been studied, which are synthesized and degraded after demand action. Regarding to the AEA synthesis, it is essentially carried out by the consecutive action of two calcium-dependent enzymes: NAT and NAPE-PLD, although there are other alternative routes for its synthesis. The AEA degradation takes place mainly by the action of a serine-hydrolase called FAAH. Respecting to 2-AG synthesis, it is carried out by the action of a DAGL from a molecule of DAG, although as in the case of the AEA, there are other alternative routes for their synthesis. The 2-AG degradation takes place by the action of the MAGL enzyme, although there are others enzymes with similar capacity. Although oxidative metabolism is not considered as degradation mechanism because of the amount of secondary metabolites that are originated, eCBs are also subjected to these pathways resulting in HETEs and EETs by the action of LOXs and COXs, respectively...
Since the major psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa (Δ9-THC) and its pharmacological effects on the body was discovered, the possible existence of the receptors in which this molecule acts was investigated, as well as their endogenous ligands whith cannabimimetic activity and enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of eCBs. The whole of these elements was called Endocannabinoid System (ECS). Currently two cannabinoid receptors are known, both belong to GPCŔs family, which are called CB1 and CB2 receptors. The homology between them is 44%, but it increases at 68% considering only the transmembrane segments. CB1 receptor is mainly located in CNS (Central Neuron System), but its presence has also been observed in several peripheral organs; while the distribution of the CB2 receptor has been classically considered peripheral, mainly located in immune cells, although it has also been observed in various cells types present in CNS, particularly in activated glial cells. The psychoactive effects caused by cannabinoids are due to the activation of the CB1 receptor, because they are located in neurons of certain areas of the brain associated with cognitive and emotional processes. There are also new targets for cannabinoids as the ionotropic receptor TRPV1, the PPAR nuclear receptors and other metabotropic receptors, on which there is still controversy over its endogenous ligand, such as GPR55 or GPR18 receptors. Molecules known for their ability to activate cannabinoid receptors are phytocannabinoids (cannabinoids present in the plant), eCBs (endogenous animal molecules) and synthetic cannabinoids, which have been developed to improve the properties of natural cannabinoids and used as therapy or as laboratory tools. The most important eCBs are AEA and 2-AG, both derived from AA, which behave as agonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Other endogenous molecules with ability to activate cannabinoid receptors are also known and other that enhance endocannabinoid signaling, by preventing degradation of main eCBs. The mechanisms of synthesis and degradation of AEA and 2-AG have been studied, which are synthesized and degraded after demand action. Regarding to the AEA synthesis, it is essentially carried out by the consecutive action of two calcium-dependent enzymes: NAT and NAPE-PLD, although there are other alternative routes for its synthesis. The AEA degradation takes place mainly by the action of a serine-hydrolase called FAAH. Respecting to 2-AG synthesis, it is carried out by the action of a DAGL from a molecule of DAG, although as in the case of the AEA, there are other alternative routes for their synthesis. The 2-AG degradation takes place by the action of the MAGL enzyme, although there are others enzymes with similar capacity. Although oxidative metabolism is not considered as degradation mechanism because of the amount of secondary metabolites that are originated, eCBs are also subjected to these pathways resulting in HETEs and EETs by the action of LOXs and COXs, respectively...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, leída el 24-10-2016