La fase expansiva de la economía española (1994-2008). Fragilidad financiera, deuda de los hogares y desigualdad
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2026
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17/09/2025
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La crisis financiera global de 2008 ha tenido unos efectos perdurables en nuestros días. Por ello, una adecuada caracterización del ciclo expansivo previo que desembocaría en esa Gran Recesión resulta de especial interés, no solo para entender la crisis y posterior recuperación, sino también para la propia comprensión de la dinámica económica contemporánea. En este sentido caracterizamos dicha crisis financiera como el resultado de un proceso de sobreendeudamiento privado (hogares, empresas no financieras e instituciones financieras), lo que nos plantea la necesidad a su vez de comenzar por unas coordenadas teóricas e históricas que nos ayuden a entender cómo hemos llegado al contexto de inestabilidad financiera y liquidez global en el que se enmarca nuestro objeto de estudio. Para ello nos centramos en el caso de la economía española durante el ciclo expansivo 1994-2008, dado que se trata de un caso paradigmático de crecimiento económico impulsado por la deuda. Este análisis nos permitirá a su vez analizar la importancia de dicha dinámica de crecimiento en el endeudamiento de los hogares y de qué manera este cumple una funcionalidad como vínculo de conexión entre el ciclo expansivo interno de la economía española con el contexto externo de liquidez global. Un proceso de endeudamiento vinculado no tanto al consumo, sino a la inversión inmobiliaria que plantea a su vez importantes efectos en términos de desigualdad.
The global financial crisis of 2008 has had lasting effects even today. Therefore, an adequate characterization of the previous expansionary cycle is needed, not only to understand the crisis itself and subsequent recovery, but also for the understanding of contemporary dynamics.In this sense, we characterize this financial crisis as the result of a private sector (households, non-financial companies, and financial institutions) over-indebtedness process, which in turn raises the need for us to begin with theoretical and historical coordinates that help us understand how we have arrived at the current context of financial instability and global liquidity of our object of study. To do this, we focus on the case of the Spanish economy during the expansionary cycle 1994-2008, given that this is a paradigmatic case of debt-led growth. This analysis will in turn allow us to study the importance of said growth dynamics in household debt and how this fulfils a function as a connecting link between the internal expansion cycle of the Spanish economy with the external context of global liquidity. A debt process not linked with consumption, but to real estate investment, which in turn poses important effects in term of inequality.
The global financial crisis of 2008 has had lasting effects even today. Therefore, an adequate characterization of the previous expansionary cycle is needed, not only to understand the crisis itself and subsequent recovery, but also for the understanding of contemporary dynamics.In this sense, we characterize this financial crisis as the result of a private sector (households, non-financial companies, and financial institutions) over-indebtedness process, which in turn raises the need for us to begin with theoretical and historical coordinates that help us understand how we have arrived at the current context of financial instability and global liquidity of our object of study. To do this, we focus on the case of the Spanish economy during the expansionary cycle 1994-2008, given that this is a paradigmatic case of debt-led growth. This analysis will in turn allow us to study the importance of said growth dynamics in household debt and how this fulfils a function as a connecting link between the internal expansion cycle of the Spanish economy with the external context of global liquidity. A debt process not linked with consumption, but to real estate investment, which in turn poses important effects in term of inequality.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, leída el 17/09/2025













