Secularism and democracy in Israel: military service as case study

Abstract

The article "Secularism and Democracy in Israel" explores the complex relationship between religion and democracy in Israel, focusing on compulsory military service as a case study. In 1992, Israel was defined as a "Jewish and democratic state," yet there is no consensus on how to balance these two aspects. The article argues that the Western concept of secularism, which separates religion from the state, does not fit the Israeli context. Instead, Israel is characterized by Jewish ethnic nationalism, where the synagogue defines the essence and boundaries of the nation. This intertwining of religion and state is evident in the exemption of ultra-Orthodox (Haredim) from military service. This exemption, dating back to 1948, conflicts with the democratic principle of equality and has been a contentious issue. Despite secular opposition, a significant portion of the population, including many secular Israelis, support maintaining this status quo due to traditional and religious pressures. The article highlights the challenges Israel faces in achieving a liberal secular state, as both religious and secular segments of society show ambivalence towards fully separating religion from state affairs. This dynamic prevents realizing a secular democratic model akin to Western standards.