Transient connection between the vestibular aqueduct and utricle: A study using sagittal sections of human embryonic heads

Abstract

Background The aqeductus vestibuli (aqueduct) is believed to connect to the saccule in embryos and adults. However, in embryos, the saccule and utricle are known to communicate widely to provide a common endolymph space “atrium”. Methods Using sagittal histological sections from five embryos (crown-rump length or CRL, 14–21 mm), nine early fetuses (CRL 24–35 mm) and 12 midterm and near-term fetuses (CRL 82–272 mm), we revisited the development and growth of the human ear aqueduct. Results The atrium took on a thick tube-like appearance as an antero-inferior continuation of the aqueduct, but soon divided into multiple gulfs. Most of the gulfs corresponded to the ampullae of semicircular ducts, while one gulf at the antero-medio-inferior corner corresponded to the future saccule. Notably, in eight of the 14 embryos and early fetuses, the aqueduct ended at the utricle near the primitive ampulla of the anterior (superior) or posterior semicircular duct. Conversely, an embryo of CRL 21 mm was the smallest specimen in which the aqueduct joined the gulf-like saccule. At midterm and near-term, the growing perilymph space separated the aqueduct from the utricle and appeared to push the aqueduct toward the saccule. A topographical change occurred between the embryonic superiorly located utricle and the inferiorly-located saccule to create the antero-posterior arrangement in adults. Conclusions Consequently, the vestibular end of the aqueduct was most likely to migrate anteriorly from the utricle to the saccule at 6–8 weeks possibly due to differential growth of the endothelium. Previous reconstructions of the embryonic aqueduct might be biased by the adult morphology.