Diplomacia, turismo e identidad nacional: La celebración del 12 de octubre en España durante la Guerra Fría
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2021
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Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
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Abstract
Las conmemoraciones y celebraciones patrióticas han sido atendidas en recientes estudios sobre el nacionalismo y las identidades territoriales. El 12 de octubre es día de fiesta nacional de los españoles desde 1987. Fue día de la raza desde 1918 y día de la hispanidad desde 1958. Perdurable y adaptada al cambio político, discrepancias regionales y coyunturas internacionales durante el siglo XX, la celebración hace referencia al pasado imperial para la identificación de los españoles, entre ellos y con el mundo. Este trabajo estudia cómo el turismo, en plena expansión durante el franquismo desarrollista, se incorporó a la puesta en escena y moldeó la dimensión internacional de la celebración itinerante por la geografía española, difundiendo paisajes, territorios y significados de la fecha para identidades nacionales, regionales y transnacionales. El análisis se centra en el despliegue de actores públicos y asociaciones civiles en las fiestas de 1957 y 1963 para demostrar cómo el símbolo fue un instrumento de diplomacia cultural y expresión de una idea de España en el mundo durante la Guerra Fría.
Patriotic celebrations and commemorations have received attention in recent studies on nationalism and territorial identities. October 12 has been the Spanish National Day since 1987. It was known first as the “Day of the Race” in 1918 and became the “Day of Hispanidad” in 1958. The celebration – which survived and adapted to political change, regional differences and international conjunctures throughout the twentieth century – evokes Spain’s imperial past with its identification of “Spanishness”, both among Spaniards and in the world. This paper explores how tourism, in full expansion during the Francoist regime, was incorporated into the staging and shaping of the international dimension of this itinerant celebration across Spanish territory, spreading landscapes, territories and meanings for October 12, appealing to national, regional and transnational identities. The analysis focuses on the deployment of public actors and civil associations during the celebrations of 1957 and 1963 to prove how this symbol became an instrument of cultural diplomacy and the expression of an idea of Spain in the world during the Cold War.
Patriotic celebrations and commemorations have received attention in recent studies on nationalism and territorial identities. October 12 has been the Spanish National Day since 1987. It was known first as the “Day of the Race” in 1918 and became the “Day of Hispanidad” in 1958. The celebration – which survived and adapted to political change, regional differences and international conjunctures throughout the twentieth century – evokes Spain’s imperial past with its identification of “Spanishness”, both among Spaniards and in the world. This paper explores how tourism, in full expansion during the Francoist regime, was incorporated into the staging and shaping of the international dimension of this itinerant celebration across Spanish territory, spreading landscapes, territories and meanings for October 12, appealing to national, regional and transnational identities. The analysis focuses on the deployment of public actors and civil associations during the celebrations of 1957 and 1963 to prove how this symbol became an instrument of cultural diplomacy and the expression of an idea of Spain in the world during the Cold War.