Effects of attentional focus instructions on the learning of a target task: a moderation role of visual feedback
Loading...
Full text at PDC
Publication date
2014
Advisors (or tutors)
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of Zagreb - Faculty of Kinesiology
Citations
Exportar
Citation
Abdollahipour, R., Psotta, R., Palomo-Nieto, M., Rouzbahani, M., Nikdast, H., & Bahram, A. (2014). Effects of attentional focus instructions on the learning of a target task: a moderation role of visual feedback, 46(2), 210-217. DOI: 10.1037/t23111-000
Abstract
The present study examined whether visual feedback can have a moderating effect on the relation between attentional focus instructions and the learning of a target movement skill. Participants (N: 100, mean age: 21.0 years, SD: 2.1) were randomly assigned into visual feedback versus non-visual feedback groups. Each group was split into five subgroups: control, internal focus on the arm, and three external focus groups including focus on the dart, on the flight of the dart, and on the bull’s-eye. Participants in each subgroup were asked to throw the darts at the dartboard using their specified focus instructions with either full-visual or nonvisual information on results. The accuracy scores of throws were analyzed in 2 (visual groups) x 5 (focus subgroups) x 6 (trial blocks) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor in acquisition, and 2 (visual groups) x 5 (focus subgroups) analysis of variance in retention and transfer. While the attentional focus instructions were not confirmed as a significant factor in practice, visual feedback was more beneficial than non-visual feedback in the acquisition of a target task. However, the benefits of practicing with visual feedback were not observed in the retention and transfer tests when vision was available. Furthermore, external focus on the flight of the dart was more beneficial than the other attentional focus instructions in transfer test, showing that the optimized distance of external focus of attention for the learning may change when a target task is executed on a stable or variable (moving) target. © 2014, Kinesiology Allright received.
Description
Referencias bibliográficas:
• Abdollahipour, R., Bahram, A., Shafizadeh, M., & Khalaji, H. (2008). The effects of attentional focus on the learning of a soccer dribbling-task in children and adolescences. Journal of Movement Sciences & Sports, 1, 83-92.
• Al-Abood, S.A., Bennett, S.J., Hernandez, F.M., Ashford, D., & Davids, K. (2002). Effects of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 271-278. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00216
• Kording, K.P., Tenenbaum, J.B., & Shadmehr, R. (2007). The dynamics of memory as a consequence of optimal adaptation to a changing body. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 779-786. doi: 10.1038/nn1901
• Land, W.M., Frank, C., Schack, T. (2014). The influence of attentional focus on the development of skill representation in a complex action. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 30-38. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.09.006
• Land, W.M., Tenenbaum, G., Ward, P., & Marquardt, C. (2013). Examination of visual information as a mediator of external focus benefits. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35, 250-259. doi:10.1080/10 413200.2011.642458
• Landers, M., Wulf, G., Wallmann, H., & Guadagnoli, M. (2005). An external focus of attention attenuates balance impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease who have a fall history. Physiotherapy, 91, 152-158. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2004.11.010
• Lohse, K.R., Jones, M., Healy, A.F., & Sherwood, D.E. (2014). The role of attention in motor control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 930-948. doi: 10.1037/a0032817
• Makaruk, H., Porter, J.M., & Makaruk, B. (2013). Acute effects of attentional focus on shot put performance in elite athletes. Kinesiology, 45, 55-62.
• Marchant, D.C., Clough, P.J., & Crawshaw, M. (2007). The effects of attentional focusing strategies on novice dart throwing performance and their task experiences. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5,291-303. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2007.9671837
• Mass, E., Robin, D., Austermann Hula, S., Freedman, S., Wulf, G., Ballard, K., & Schmidt, R.A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 17,277-298. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2008/025)
• McKay, B., & Wulf, G. (2012). A distal external focus enhances novice dart throwing performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 149-156. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2012.682356P
• McNevin, N.H., & Wulf, G. (2002). Attentional focus on supra-postural tasks affects postural control. Human Movement Science, 21, 187-202. doi:10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00095-7
• McNevin, N.H., Shea, C.H., & Wulf, G. (2003). Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning. Psychological Research, 67, 22-29. doi:10.1007/s00426-002 0093-6
• Newell, K.M., Mayer-Kress, G., Hong, S.L., & Liu, Y. (2009). Adaptation and learning: Characteristic time scales of performance dynamics. Human Movement Science, 28, 655-687.
• Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9,97-113. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
• Pascua, L., Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2014). Additive benefits of external focus and enhanced performance expectancy for motor learning. Journal of Sports Sciences, (ahead-of-print), 1-9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.922693
• Perkins-Ceccato, N., Passmore, S.R., & Lee, T.D. (2003). Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers’ skill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 593-60 doi:10.1080/0264041031000101980.
• Poolton, J.M., Maxwell, J.P., Masters, R.S.W., & Raab, M. (2006). Benefits of an external focus of attention: Common coding or conscious processing? Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 89-99. doi:10.1080/02640410500130854
• Prinz, W. (1990). A common coding approach to perception and action. In O. Neumann & W. Prinz (Eds.), Relationships between perception and action (pp. 167-201). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
• Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9, 129-154. doi:10.1080/713752551
• Saemi, E., Porter, J.M., Wulf, G., Ghotbi-Varzaneh, A., & Bakhtiari, S. (2013). Adopting an external focus facilitates motor learning in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Kinesiology, 45, 179-185.
• Schmidt, R.A., & Lee, T.D. (2011). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Shafizadeh, M., McMorris, T., & Sproule, J. (2011). Effect of different external attention of focus instruction on learning of golf putting skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 113, 662-670. doi:10.2466/05.23.25.PMS.113.5.662-670
• Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. (2007). Motor control: Translating research into clinical practice (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
• Smeets, J.B.J., Brenner, E., DeGrave, D.D., & Cuijpers, R.H. (2002). Illusions in action: Consequences of inconsistent processing of spatial attributes. Experimental Brain Research, 147, 135-144. doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1185-7
• Totsika, V., & Wulf, G. (2003). The influence of external and internal foci of attention on transfer to novel situations and skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 220-225. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2012.723728
• Toussaint, L., Robin, N., & Blandin, Y. (2010). On the content of sensorimotor representations after actual and motor imagery practice. Motor Control, 14, 159-175.
• Trembly, L. (2010). Visual information in the acquisition of goal-directed action. In D. Elliott & M. Khan (Eds.), Vision and goal-directed movement neurobehavioral perspectives (pp. 281-291). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Wulf, G. (2007). Attention and motor skill learning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 77-104. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2012.723728
• Wulf, G., Höß, M., & Prinz, W. (1998). Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30, 169-179. doi:10.1080/00222899809601334
• Wulf, G., Landers, M., Lewthwaite, R., & Töllner, T. (2009). External focus instructions reduce postural instability in individuals with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy, 89, 162-168. doi:10.2522/ptj.20080045.
• Wulf, G., Lauterbach, B., & Toole, T. (1999). The learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 120-126. doi:10.1080/02701367.1999.10608029
• Wulf, G., McConnel, N., Gärtner, M., & Schwarz, A. (2002). Enhancing the learning of sport skills through external focus feedback. Journal of Motor Behavior, 34, 171-182. doi:10.1080/00222890209601939
• Wulf, G., McNevin, N.H., Fuchs, T., Ritter, F., & Toole, T. (2000). Attentional focus in complex skill learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 229-239. doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.10608903
• Wulf, G., McNevin, N.H., & Shea, C.H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 1143-1154. doi:10.1080/713756012
• Wulf, G., Mercer, J., McNevin, N.H., & Guadagnoli, M.A. (2004). Reciprocal influences of attentional focus on postural and supra-postural task performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36, 189-199. doi:10.3200/JMBR.36.2.189-199
• Wulf, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 648-660. doi:10.3758/BF03196201
• Wulf, G., Shea, C.H., & Park, J.H. (2001). Attention and motor performance: Preferences for and advantages of an external focus. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 335-344. doi:10.1080/02701367.2001.10608970
• Wulf, G., & Su, J. (2007). External focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 384-389. doi:10.1080/02701367.2007.10599436
• Wulf, G., Töllner, T., & Shea, C.H. (2007). Attentional focus effects as a function of task difficulty. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 257-264. doi:10.1080/02701367.2007.10599423
• Zachry, T., Wulf, G., Mercer, J., & Bezodis, N. (2005).Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain Research Bulletin, 67, 304-309. doi:10.1016/j. brainresbull.2005.06.035
• Zarghami, M., Saemi, E., & Fathi, I. (2012). External focus of attention enhances discus throwing performance.Kinesiology, 44, 47-51.