La crisis financiera y la nueva regulación bancaria
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2017
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15/01/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La crisis financiera que comenzó en el verano de 2007 y que se agravó sustancialmente en octubre de 2008 provocó, como ha ocurrido históricamente, la reforma profunda de la regulación financiera global en la que tendrían un papel fundamental dos nuevos órganos: el G-20 y el Consejo de Estabilidad Financiera, apoyados por un regulador más tradicional, el Comité de Supervisión Bancaria de Basilea. La nueva regulación global, agrupada básicamente en los acuerdos de Basilea III, ha implicado un endurecimiento considerable de los requerimientos bancarios en materia de capital, liquidez y limitación del endeudamiento de las entidades. También en el ámbito global se han elaborado nuevas normas y recomendaciones en materia de requerimientos de capital y capacidad de absorción de pérdidas por las entidades sistémicas globales y de gobierno corporativo y políticas retributivas de las entidades de crédito. En Europa, y como respuesta a la crisis de deuda soberana iniciada en el 2010, se produjo una reacción autónoma, centrada en el proceso de construcción de la Unión Bancaria con sus dos pilares fundamentales (en ausencia del tercer pilar: un esquema común de garantía de depósitos), el mecanismo único de supervisión y el mecanismo único de resolución. Por último, en España, también ha existido una agenda regulatoria propia, acorde con la identificación de causas específicas de nuestra crisis, que se ha centrado en la reforma radical del régimen jurídico de las cajas de ahorros (ahora transformadas en fundaciones bancarias, salvo escasas excepciones), la modificación de las normas concursales y contables que afectan a los créditos reestructurados o refinanciados y la aparición de un novedoso sistema de reestructuración y resolución de entidades de crédito, que, tras las últimas normas que se han aprobado, resulta coherente con la normativa europea en la materia...
As has happened historically, the financial crisis that struck in the summer of 2007 and substantially escalated in October 2008 led to an exhaustive overhaul of global financial regulation. Two new bodies, the G-20 and the Financial Stability Board, would play a fundamental role in the reforms, supported by a more traditional regulator, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The new global regulations, essentially grouped together in Basel III, represent a significant tightening of banking requirements regarding capital, liquidity and limitations on financial institutions’ debt levels. In the global environment, new standards and recommendations have been prepared on the capital requirements and loss-absorbing capacity of global systemic banks and on the corporate governance and remuneration policies of credit institutions. In Europe, the autonomous response to the sovereign debt crisis that hit in 2010 was focused on building the Banking Union, with its two main pillars: the Single Supervisory Mechanism and the Single Resolution Mechanism (in the absence of the third pillar: common deposit guarantee schemes). Spain has also developed its own regulatory agenda, based on the identification of the specific causes of the country’s crisis, focusing on a radical reform of the legal framework governing Spain’s savings banks (now transformed into banking foundations, but for a few exceptions), amendment of insolvency and accounting regulations affecting restructured or refinanced loans, and creation of a new system for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions, ultimately consistent with European legislation in this area...
As has happened historically, the financial crisis that struck in the summer of 2007 and substantially escalated in October 2008 led to an exhaustive overhaul of global financial regulation. Two new bodies, the G-20 and the Financial Stability Board, would play a fundamental role in the reforms, supported by a more traditional regulator, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The new global regulations, essentially grouped together in Basel III, represent a significant tightening of banking requirements regarding capital, liquidity and limitations on financial institutions’ debt levels. In the global environment, new standards and recommendations have been prepared on the capital requirements and loss-absorbing capacity of global systemic banks and on the corporate governance and remuneration policies of credit institutions. In Europe, the autonomous response to the sovereign debt crisis that hit in 2010 was focused on building the Banking Union, with its two main pillars: the Single Supervisory Mechanism and the Single Resolution Mechanism (in the absence of the third pillar: common deposit guarantee schemes). Spain has also developed its own regulatory agenda, based on the identification of the specific causes of the country’s crisis, focusing on a radical reform of the legal framework governing Spain’s savings banks (now transformed into banking foundations, but for a few exceptions), amendment of insolvency and accounting regulations affecting restructured or refinanced loans, and creation of a new system for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions, ultimately consistent with European legislation in this area...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Administrativo, leída el 15-01-2016