Inhibición y excitación de la corteza visual humana durante el aprendizaje de miedo
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2024
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13/07/2023
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El miedo es una emoción básica encontrada a través de las especies (Ekman, 1992) que permite al organismo sobrevivir en el medio (Öhman et al., 2001; Öhman & Mineka, 2001). Por ello, una correcta y rápida identificación de las señales de miedo o seguridad en el contexto es crucial. En psicología, la adquisición de esta emoción ha sido ampliamente estudiada gracias a un paradigma Pavloviano (Pavlov, 1897) llamado condicionamiento de miedo (Critchley et al., 2002; Fullana et al., 2020; Lonsdorf et al., 2017). De este modo, podemos asociar un perjuicio nocivo (por ejemplo, un ruido blanco de alto volumen) con un estímulo condicionado (por ejemplo, un degradado visual sinusoidal) el cual se vuelve una señal de miedo (CS+). Por el contrario, un estímulo neutral cuya presencia no está emparejada con un el perjuicio nocivo se convierte en una señal irrelevante para el miedo (CS-). En el presente trabajo, nos centramos en la modulación de miedo condicionado en la corteza visual. Evidencias previas (Keil et al., 2007; Miskovic & Keil, 2012; Moratti et al., 2017) han demostrado la ganancia excitadora e inhibidora de la corteza visual por parte del CS+ y el CS-, respectivamente. Mientras que la modulación de aumento ha sido ampliamente reportada (Keil et al., 2007; Moratti & Keil, 2009; Yuan et al., 2018), la modulación de disminución es menos comprendida (McTeague et al., 2015; Moratti et al., 2017). Así, la adquisición de inhibición del CS- ofrece un interesante enfoque para estudiar el aprendizaje de seguridad en la corteza visual (Laing & Harrison, 2021; Odriozola & Gee, 2021). Sin embargo, los mecanismos neurales subyacentes a tal modulación de aumento y disminución en la corteza visual (Z. Li et al., 2019) permanece sin esclarecer a pesar de las hipótesis colinérgicas para la excitación del CS+ (Letzkus et al., 2011; Rodriguez et al., 2004; Schroeder et al., 2022).
Fear is a basic emotion shared across species (Ekman, 1992) that allows the organism to survive in the environment (Öhman et al., 2001; Öhman & Mineka, 2001). Hence, correct and rapid identification of fear or safety cues in the context is crucial. In psychology, the acquisition of this emotion has been widely studied using the Pavlovian paradigm (Pavlov, 1897) called fear conditioning (Critchley et al., 2002; Fullana et al., 2020; Lonsdorf et al., 2017). Thereby, we can associate an aversive event (e.g., loud white noise) with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a visual sine grating) which turns into a fear-relevant signal (CS+). Conversely, a neutral stimulus whose presence is not paired with the aversive event becomes a fear-irrelevant signal (CS-).In the present work, we focus on the fear conditioned modulation of the visual cortex. Previous evidence (Keil et al., 2007; Miskovic & Keil, 2012; Moratti et al., 2017) has demonstrated the excitatory and inhibitory gain modulation of the visual cortex from CS+ and CS-, respectively. While the up-modulation has been widely reported (Keil et al., 2007; Moratti & Keil, 2009; Yuan et al., 2018), the down-modulation is less understood (McTeague et al., 2015; Moratti et al., 2017). Thus, the acquisition of inhibitory properties for the CS- offers an interesting framework for studying safety learning in the visual cortex (Laing & Harrison, 2021; Odriozola & Gee, 2021). However, the neural mechanisms underlying such up and down modulations in the visual cortex (Z. Li et al., 2019) remain unclear despite of the cholinergic hypothesis for CS+ excitation (Letzkus et al., 2011; Rodriguez et al., 2004; Schroeder et al., 2022)...
Fear is a basic emotion shared across species (Ekman, 1992) that allows the organism to survive in the environment (Öhman et al., 2001; Öhman & Mineka, 2001). Hence, correct and rapid identification of fear or safety cues in the context is crucial. In psychology, the acquisition of this emotion has been widely studied using the Pavlovian paradigm (Pavlov, 1897) called fear conditioning (Critchley et al., 2002; Fullana et al., 2020; Lonsdorf et al., 2017). Thereby, we can associate an aversive event (e.g., loud white noise) with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a visual sine grating) which turns into a fear-relevant signal (CS+). Conversely, a neutral stimulus whose presence is not paired with the aversive event becomes a fear-irrelevant signal (CS-).In the present work, we focus on the fear conditioned modulation of the visual cortex. Previous evidence (Keil et al., 2007; Miskovic & Keil, 2012; Moratti et al., 2017) has demonstrated the excitatory and inhibitory gain modulation of the visual cortex from CS+ and CS-, respectively. While the up-modulation has been widely reported (Keil et al., 2007; Moratti & Keil, 2009; Yuan et al., 2018), the down-modulation is less understood (McTeague et al., 2015; Moratti et al., 2017). Thus, the acquisition of inhibitory properties for the CS- offers an interesting framework for studying safety learning in the visual cortex (Laing & Harrison, 2021; Odriozola & Gee, 2021). However, the neural mechanisms underlying such up and down modulations in the visual cortex (Z. Li et al., 2019) remain unclear despite of the cholinergic hypothesis for CS+ excitation (Letzkus et al., 2011; Rodriguez et al., 2004; Schroeder et al., 2022)...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, leída el 13-07-2023