¿Existen diferencias en los esquemas cognitivos y en la autoestima entre las personas con adicción al ejercicio físico o con dismorfia muscular?
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2019
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Asociación Española de Estudio en Drogodependencias (AESED)
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Olave, L., Momeñe, J., Rodríguez Pérez, J.G., Estévez, A. e Iruarrizaga, I. ¿Existen diferencias en los esquemas cognitivos y en la autoestima entre las personas con adicción al ejercicio físico o con dismorfia muscular? / Are there differences in cognitive patterns and self-esteem among people with exercise addiction or muscle dysmorphia? Revista Española de Drogodependencias. 2019 44(2): 43-61. https://www.aesed.com/upload/files/v44n2_art2-dismorfia.pdf
Abstract
Tanto la adicción al ejercicio físico, entendida como una adicción comportamental, como la dismorfia muscular, especificador del trastorno dismórfico corporal, tienen en común varios aspectos, como es la práctica intensiva de ejercicio físico y alteraciones en la autoestima. Además, algunas adicciones comportamentales se relacionan con determinados esquemas cognitivos tempranos desadaptados. Ante la escasez de estudios que relacionen los esquemas tempranos desadaptados con la adicción al ejercicio o la dismorfia muscular, y teniendo en cuenta la autoestima, se plantea la pregunta de si existen diferencias entre estas variables en personas con adicción al ejercicio o dismorfia muscular. Para ello se ha utilizado un grupo de 465 participantes (23.7% hombres, 75.7% mujeres y 0.6% transgénero), todos ellos practicaban deporte o en el gimnasio o fuera de él. Se han utilizado los siguientes instrumentos de evaluación: Cuestionario de Esquemas Cognitivos -Forma Abreviada -SQ-SF (Young y Brown., 1994), Drive for Muscularity Scale - DMS (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier y Dorsch, 2004), Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (Rosenberg, 1965), Escala de Satisfacción Muscular – ESM (The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale -MASS; Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer y Drab, 2002) e Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio – EAI (Tery, Szabo y Griffiths, 2004). En cuanto a los resultados, parece que tanto la adicción al ejercicio físico como la dismorfia muscular se relacionan con determinados esquemas tempranos desadaptados. Por otro lado, la autoestima se relaciona tanto con la adicción al ejercicio físico como con dismorfia muscular de forma significativa y negativa. Finalmente, los resultados muestran cómo a mayor dismorfia muscular también es mayor el riesgo de adicción al ejercicio físico, y a medida que mayor es el riesgo de adicción menor es la satisfacción muscular. Estos resultados se discuten y se presentan las limitaciones del estudio.
Both the addiction to physical exercise, understood as a behavioral addiction, and muscular dysmorphia, which specifies the dysmorphic bodily disorder, have several aspects in common, such as the intensive practice of physical exercise and alterations in self-esteem. They also seem to involve certain behaviors that are related to early cognitive maladaptive patterns. Given the paucity of studies that relate early maladaptive patterns with addiction to muscle exercise and muscle dysmorphia, and taking into account self-esteem, the question arises of whether there are differences between these variables in people with exercise addiction or muscle distortion. For this purpose, a group of 465 participants (23.7% men, 75.7% women and 0.6% transgender) were used, all of them practicing sports in or outside the gymnasium. The following evaluation instruments were used: Cognitive Scheme Questionnaire-Short Form -SQ-SF (Young and Brown, 1994), Drive for Muscularity Scale - DMS (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier y Dorsch, 2004), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Muscle Satisfaction Scale - ESM (Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale - MASA, Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer and Drab, 2002) and Inventory of Exercise Addiction - EAI (Terry, Szabo and Griffiths, 2004). Regarding the results, it seems that both addiction to physical exercise and muscle breakdown are related to early maladaptive patterns. On the other hand, self-esteem is related to both the addiction to physical exercise and to muscular distension in a significant and negative way. It finally seems that the greater the muscle breakdown, the greater the risk of addiction to physical exercise, and the greater the risk of addiction, the less muscle satisfaction. These results are discussed and the limitations of the study are presented.
Both the addiction to physical exercise, understood as a behavioral addiction, and muscular dysmorphia, which specifies the dysmorphic bodily disorder, have several aspects in common, such as the intensive practice of physical exercise and alterations in self-esteem. They also seem to involve certain behaviors that are related to early cognitive maladaptive patterns. Given the paucity of studies that relate early maladaptive patterns with addiction to muscle exercise and muscle dysmorphia, and taking into account self-esteem, the question arises of whether there are differences between these variables in people with exercise addiction or muscle distortion. For this purpose, a group of 465 participants (23.7% men, 75.7% women and 0.6% transgender) were used, all of them practicing sports in or outside the gymnasium. The following evaluation instruments were used: Cognitive Scheme Questionnaire-Short Form -SQ-SF (Young and Brown, 1994), Drive for Muscularity Scale - DMS (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier y Dorsch, 2004), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Muscle Satisfaction Scale - ESM (Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale - MASA, Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer and Drab, 2002) and Inventory of Exercise Addiction - EAI (Terry, Szabo and Griffiths, 2004). Regarding the results, it seems that both addiction to physical exercise and muscle breakdown are related to early maladaptive patterns. On the other hand, self-esteem is related to both the addiction to physical exercise and to muscular distension in a significant and negative way. It finally seems that the greater the muscle breakdown, the greater the risk of addiction to physical exercise, and the greater the risk of addiction, the less muscle satisfaction. These results are discussed and the limitations of the study are presented.
Description
Artículo derivado de la obtención de datos para la realización de la Tesis Doctoral de Leticia Olave Porrúa titulada "Adicción al ejercicio físico y dismorfia muscular y complicaciones clínicas", defendida en el año 2022 con la calificación de Sobresaliente Cum Laude y dirigida por Itziar Iruarrizaga. Se recogieron, y se siguen recogiendo cada año, datos de una muy amplia cantidad de variables.