Caracterización radiológica del área afectada por el accidente de Palomares: evolución histórica y situación actual
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2017
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21/04/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La caracterización radiológica de la contaminación que aún persiste en Palomares (Almería) como consecuencia del accidente antropogénico ocurrido en 1966 y que supuso la contaminación de varios centenares de hectáreas con actinoides permitirá establecer la distribución actual (en superficie y en profundidad) de la contaminación radiactiva en los suelos afectados por el accidente, información fundamental para una correcta selección de las posibles estrategias de recuperación ambiental de las zonas afectadas. Para comprender la naturaleza de la contaminación, se propone un modelo termodinámico que permite explicar la oxidación del Pu y su posterior comportamiento en el medioambiente de Palomares. La contaminación consiste en partículas muy finas de óxidos de Pu formados inmediatamente después del accidente y que se dispersaron en el medioambiente, formando agregados con las partículas del suelo. También se encuentran ocasionalmente agregados de óxidos de Pu de mayor tamaño y cuya actividad varía entre 1 y 10 kBq. Así mismo, se demuestra que la razón 241Am/239Pu=0.30 será constante hasta el año 2100. Se han desarrollado métodos de espectrometría gamma in situ y en laboratorio para la detección de los fotones de 60 keV emitidos por el 241Am. Se han efectuado medidas in situ georreferenciadas en tiempo real con un DGPS de precisión submétrica con detectores de centelleo FIDLER, realizando recorridos dinámicos (más de 300 000 datos) y medidas estáticas (más de 600 datos). Se recogieron más de 1 800 muestras inalteradas de suelo superficial y más de 730 muestras procedentes de sondeos efectuados hasta 5 m de profundidad en 321 puntos. Las muestras (0.1 dm3) fueron analizadas en un dispositivo desarrollado al efecto y parte de ellas con detectores de Ge. Se ha demostrado el buen acuerdo entre las técnicas de medida independientes empleadas en la caracterización radiológica, validando la consistencia entre los métodos y la calidad de las medidas experimentales. El análisis estadístico de las medidas de la tasa de dosis sobre el terreno revela que esta variable aumenta sobre el fondo natural debido a la contaminación del suelo superficial, aunque este incremento no supone un impacto radiológico significativo. Con algunas de estas muestras se determinó la distribución de la contaminación en los primeros 15 cm de suelo y se estudiaron las distribuciones de actividad y masa en función del tamaño de partícula empleando previamente técnicas de tamizado en seco de las muestras de tierra. Por último, se ha desarrollado un prototipo para la segregación de tierras a media escala en función de su nivel de contaminación con muestras de 10 dm3...
Morning of January 17, 1966, US Air Force aircrafts, a B-52 bomber and KC-135 tanker, collided during a routine mid-air refueling operation [1] over Palomares (district in the municipal limits of Cuevas de Almanzora , Almería). The four crew members on the tanker plane and three on the bomber were lost in the explosion and four officers on the bomber survived. Both aircraft were completely destroyed and pieces of different sizes were spread for hundreds of hectares along the coast and in the sea in the surrounding area, among them four thermonuclear devices carried on the bomber. Two of them fell in the Almanzora River bed (Bomb Nº1, numbered in the order the bombs were found in) and in the Mediterranean Sea (Nº 4) at 9 km from the coast without any appreciable damage or radiological consequences because its parachute had opened. Bomb Nº 2 crashed at high speed (its parachutes burned in the explosion) on the ground in a valley west of Palomares, causing the conventional explosive to detonate, volatizing the Pu contained in the bomb and caught on fire, spreading in the air and contaminating extensive areas of land, even some distance from the point of impact. Bomb Nº3 impacted less violently on the ground quite near the center of the town of Palomares, and only part of the conventional explosive was detonated, breaking the bomb up into pieces and volatizing, but not burning a fraction of the plutonium it contained, spreading it in a more limited area. Immediately after the accident, the US Air Force identified the zones most affected by radioactive contamination, defining a “Line Zero” [2] (Figure 1) which included around 220 ha from Puerto Blanco (where Bomb Nº 2 was found) to the slopes of the Sierra Almagrera Mountains near the Almanzora River, where the search ended because the zone is difficult to access, uninhabited and in disuse. Remediation work on the most contaminated materials (basically surface soil and crops) began immediately. The criteria for deciding what material was contaminated were agreed upon by the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN) (Spanish Board of Nuclear Energy), and as a result, an approximate volume of 1 000 m3 of radioactive waste contained in 4 829 drums were shipped to the United States of America where they remain deposited at the Savannah River Facility, in Aiken (South Carolina) since April 8, 1966..
Morning of January 17, 1966, US Air Force aircrafts, a B-52 bomber and KC-135 tanker, collided during a routine mid-air refueling operation [1] over Palomares (district in the municipal limits of Cuevas de Almanzora , Almería). The four crew members on the tanker plane and three on the bomber were lost in the explosion and four officers on the bomber survived. Both aircraft were completely destroyed and pieces of different sizes were spread for hundreds of hectares along the coast and in the sea in the surrounding area, among them four thermonuclear devices carried on the bomber. Two of them fell in the Almanzora River bed (Bomb Nº1, numbered in the order the bombs were found in) and in the Mediterranean Sea (Nº 4) at 9 km from the coast without any appreciable damage or radiological consequences because its parachute had opened. Bomb Nº 2 crashed at high speed (its parachutes burned in the explosion) on the ground in a valley west of Palomares, causing the conventional explosive to detonate, volatizing the Pu contained in the bomb and caught on fire, spreading in the air and contaminating extensive areas of land, even some distance from the point of impact. Bomb Nº3 impacted less violently on the ground quite near the center of the town of Palomares, and only part of the conventional explosive was detonated, breaking the bomb up into pieces and volatizing, but not burning a fraction of the plutonium it contained, spreading it in a more limited area. Immediately after the accident, the US Air Force identified the zones most affected by radioactive contamination, defining a “Line Zero” [2] (Figure 1) which included around 220 ha from Puerto Blanco (where Bomb Nº 2 was found) to the slopes of the Sierra Almagrera Mountains near the Almanzora River, where the search ended because the zone is difficult to access, uninhabited and in disuse. Remediation work on the most contaminated materials (basically surface soil and crops) began immediately. The criteria for deciding what material was contaminated were agreed upon by the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN) (Spanish Board of Nuclear Energy), and as a result, an approximate volume of 1 000 m3 of radioactive waste contained in 4 829 drums were shipped to the United States of America where they remain deposited at the Savannah River Facility, in Aiken (South Carolina) since April 8, 1966..
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica, leída el 21-04-2016