Intolerancia a la lactosa en una población nativa de la costa oeste atlántica africana. Historias evolutivas y barreras genéticas
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2024
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Elsevier
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Alberto Diz-Sagrado, Luis J. Sánchez-Martínez, Marina González-Barrio, Cristina Olmedo, Rosario Calderón, Candela L. Hernández (2024) Intolerancia a la lactosa en una población nativa de la costa oeste atlántica africana. Historias evolutivas y barreras genéticas. Rev Española Antropol Física 49:77–89.
Abstract
Se ha estimado que alrededor del 65% de los humanos sintetizan la lactasa intestinal después de terminar el periodo de lactancia. La persistencia de la enzima lactasa, fenotipo LP, constituye un rasgo biocultural y un ejemplo de selección positiva y evolución convergente. La geografía genética del fenotipo entre la población humana mundial no es aleatoria. Las frecuencias más altas se encuentran en Europa y, particularmente, entre sus poblaciones más septentrionales, con una variación clinal negativa hacia el Mediterráneo. En otras áreas continentales no-europeas, como las africanas, algunas de sus poblaciones nativas, cuyos modos de subsistencia tradicional han estado basados en la producción y el consumo de leche, comparten el rasgo LP, aunque asociado a una fuerte regionalización. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la caracterización de un conjunto de variantes dentro del gen MCM6 las cuales regulan, a su vez, al gen LCT, el cual codifica la lactasa en una muestra perteneciente a la población de Guinea Ecuatorial. Todos los individuos mostraron el alelo ancestral para los marcadores -13910*C/T, -22018*G/A, -13915*T/G, -14010*G/C y -13907*C/G. La ausencia de individuos persistentes a la lactasa es congruente al observado en otras muchas poblaciones africanas sub-Saharianas de la misma área. Un análisis detallado de las variaciones geográficas mostradas por los marcadores moleculares relacionados con la tolerancia a la lactosa dentro de África ha permitido detectar diferentes barreras al flujo de genes, como un reflejo del impacto del rasgo LP sobre la definición de la estructura genética de sus poblaciones nativas.
Around 65% of humans synthesize intestinal lactase after ending breastfeeding period. Lactase persistence, LP phenotype, constitutes a biocultural trait and an example of positive selection and convergent evolution. Frequencies of LP phenotype in the world are non-randomly distributed. The highest values are found in Europe, particularly, in northern Europe, with a negative gradient toward the Mediterranean. In other non-European continental areas, such as Africa, some of their native populations, whose traditional livelihoods have been based on the production and intake of milk, LP trait is present and associated to a strong regionalization. The present study aims to characterize molecular variants in the MCM6 gene –which regulates, in turn, its neighbor LCT, responsible for encoding the enzyme lactase– in a sample of African natives from Equatorial Guinea. The genotyped sample only showed ancestral alleles for the markers: - 13910*C/T, -22018*G/A, -13915*T/G, -14010*G/C and -13907*C/G. The non-detection of lactase persistence seems to be a coherent finding when comparisons are made with other surrounding subSaharan African human populations. Exceptions are found in some African ethnic groups from Eastern and Central Africa, with ancestral and deep-rooting cultural habits in shepherding and milk consumption. Analyses of geographical variations related to lactose tolerance across Africa has allowed to identify different barriers to gene flow. The observed scenario represents a signal of how the LP trait has been able to influence the human genetic structure within the continent.
Around 65% of humans synthesize intestinal lactase after ending breastfeeding period. Lactase persistence, LP phenotype, constitutes a biocultural trait and an example of positive selection and convergent evolution. Frequencies of LP phenotype in the world are non-randomly distributed. The highest values are found in Europe, particularly, in northern Europe, with a negative gradient toward the Mediterranean. In other non-European continental areas, such as Africa, some of their native populations, whose traditional livelihoods have been based on the production and intake of milk, LP trait is present and associated to a strong regionalization. The present study aims to characterize molecular variants in the MCM6 gene –which regulates, in turn, its neighbor LCT, responsible for encoding the enzyme lactase– in a sample of African natives from Equatorial Guinea. The genotyped sample only showed ancestral alleles for the markers: - 13910*C/T, -22018*G/A, -13915*T/G, -14010*G/C and -13907*C/G. The non-detection of lactase persistence seems to be a coherent finding when comparisons are made with other surrounding subSaharan African human populations. Exceptions are found in some African ethnic groups from Eastern and Central Africa, with ancestral and deep-rooting cultural habits in shepherding and milk consumption. Analyses of geographical variations related to lactose tolerance across Africa has allowed to identify different barriers to gene flow. The observed scenario represents a signal of how the LP trait has been able to influence the human genetic structure within the continent.
Description
Los autores agradecen a todos los participantes
(donantes) por hacer posible este estudio. También a los
Dres. José Francisco Gómez y Benito Muñoz, por su
inestimable colaboración en el proceso de muestreo.
Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de
Economía y Competitividad, a través del Proyecto
CGL2014-53985-R (IP: Rosario Calderón).
© 2024 Sociedad Española de Antropología Física