El gen de la obesidad PC-1: estudio del alelo de susceptibilidad en amerindios y otras poblaciones del mundo

Abstract

A clinical situation with body weight more than acceptable. It affects all social classes and ages. In adults, it adds ABDOMINAL OBESITY by excessive subcutaneous and intraperitoneal fat that increases with age and associates more risk of develop cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It has been defined by correspondence tables between height (cm.) and body weight (kg.), varying the standards with age, gender, ethnicity and genetic or cultural background. Now, it is defined by a technique as accurate as the Body Mass Index: the measure of WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE (cm.). For World Health Organization, it is multiethnic, pandemic ("globesity") and a priority problem because mortality, morbidity and increased health care costs because migration and globalization. The 10 leading causes of death are: 1st ischemic heart disease; 2nd stroke and 8th diabetes. Pathologies related to obesity (circulatory disease, acute stroke, CVDs and diabetes) are slightly higher in women. CVDs will keep figures until 2030, the highest in average and low per capita income countries. Obesity is a clinical condition of poorly defined etiology, with interrelated genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental factors. It arises from MORE CALORIC INTAKE, LESS ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND IMBALANCE ENERGY RELEASE/FAT ACCUMULATION. The abnormal regulation of endocrine-metabolic processes accumulate fat in adipose tissue. It is a comorbidity to other pathologies: type 2 diabetes (TD2), coronary heart and CVD, heart failure, Metabolic Syndrome, some cancer, osteoarthritis, gallstone, acute pancreatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, sleep apnea and depression. Its adverse effects on CVDs and other systems increases mortality by associated pathology and worsen quality of life by chronic disability. GENES AND ENERGY. Several hypotheses based on our evolutionary past promotes susceptibility to it: "thrifty" genes (advantage genes for obesity) in our ancestors, acquired by cyclical episodes of famine/surplus food or other circumstances. People who has them now accumulate excessive fat in their bodies and develop obesity if they have higher caloric intake and do sedentary lifestyle,. "drifty" genes (diversification of the genotype at random). Thrifty genes would persist by genetic drift acquiring multiresistance, and individuals could be prone or resistant to obesity. Climate change in our primate ancestor’s environment forced them to often move and change their diet. Environmental factors of selection on climate induced modern humans to leave Africa and migrate. Some of them maintained heat genes. Others in cold regions (Europe, Siberia) acquired cold genes. Finally, other lost cold genes and won heat ones again in Equatorial latitudes...