Ámbitos de indemnidad patrimonial y sobreendeudamiento de la persona física
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2021
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03/12/2020
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La corriente doctrinal de impulso y ampliación de espacios de indemnidad patrimonial de la persona natural en caso de sobreendeudamiento ha venido informando las iniciativas legislativas y jurisprudenciales implementadas en los últimos años en los países de nuestro entorno. Sin embargo, las medidas arbitradas por el legislador no han resultado eficaces en la consecución de su principal propósito de mantener un determinado nivel de bienestar social y combatir el riesgo de exclusión social, fundamentalmente porque se obvia el principal efecto de privar a las obligaciones contraídas de las correspondientes garantías, que no es otro que la distorsión en la conformación de los precios y la correcta formación de la oferta, que se ve lastrada por un problema de selección adversa y riesgo moral. El beneficio de exoneración del pasivo insatisfecho podría haber constituido un pertinente mecanismo mutualización de costes coyunturales con efectos positivos derivados de la rehabilitación del deudor pero adolece de unos elevados costes de transacción, se ve lastrado por la necesidad de liquidar previamente el patrimonio del concursado y produce escasos efectos liberatorios. Los datos revelan que el denominado Código de Buenas Prácticas para la reestructuración viable de deudas con garantía hipotecaria o la figura del Emprendedor de Responsabilidad Limitada constituyen herramientas manifiestamente insuficientes, cuando no inútiles, a fin de combatir eficazmente el sobreendeudamiento de la persona natural. El fracaso se debe a la falta de vocación global de las medidas así como al empeño por parte del legislador de centrar el foco de atención en el remedio y no en las causas del sobreendeudamiento.
La acción doctrinal, legislativa y jurisprudencial adolece de una falta de percepción de los indicadores económicos por parte de las familias, las cuales no suelen adecuar su comportamiento financiero al entorno económico. Esa conducta representa un verdadero lastre para el necesario cambio de patrón mental que permita, a su vez, el cambio de paradigma. El índice de morosidad hipotecaria, la ratio préstamo-valor, la carga financiera de los hogares, riqueza financiera de los hogares, el índice de optimismo económico o la tasa de ahorro demuestran que, tras la crisis económica que comenzó en torno al año 2008, las familias continúan expuestas a las vicisitudes macroeconómicas sin que se observe una conducta tendente a incrementar el grado de prudencia en el gasto y la inversión productiva. Ante la ineficacia del elemento regulatorio, el conjunto de sesgos conductuales que conducen a la suscripción del crédito irresponsable coadyuva a esa mayor exposición de los hogares a las vicisitudes económicas de cualquier clase, ya sean de naturaleza geopolítica ya de tipo sanitario. Resulta imprescindible que, por parte de los poderes públicos se acometan políticas reales que consigan incentivar la inversión productiva, no meramente la sobreabundancia de ahorro inútil, desarrollar políticas públicas de fomento de la cultura del préstamo responsable mediante eficaces campañas de concienciación sobre el valor del cumplimiento y la previsión, fomentar la educación financiera, procurar la flexibilización de un mercado de información crediticia permitiendo el tratamiento de datos positivos de solvencia, apoyar e emprendimiento, favorecer los planes de ahorro privados, agilizar la Administración de Justicia, reducir la presión fiscal del ahorro familiar, responsabilidad a fedatarios públicos del control de abusividad de cláusulas en los contratos, ampliar la exoneración al emprendedor de responsabilidad limitada y mantener un sistema suficiente de asistencia social; todo ello con la finalidad de promover la dinamización, abaratamiento y flexibilidad del crédito y con la garantía de preservación de las bases del derecho de propiedad y la fuerza vinculante de los contratos en que se fundamenta nuestro Ordenamiento Jurídico...
The doctrinal stream of promoting and expanding areas of patrimonial indemnity of the natural person in the event of over-indebtedness has informed the legislative and jurisprudential initiatives implemented in recent years in the countries around us. However, the measures arbitrated by the legislator have not been effective in achieving their main purpose of maintaining a certain level of social welfare and combating the risk of social exclusion, mainly because the main effect of depriving obligations contracted of the corresponding guarantees is obviated, which is none other than the distortion in the conformation of prices and the correct formation of the demand, which is hampered by a problem of adverse selection and moral hazard. The benefit of exoneration of the unsatisfied liability ––Discharge–– could have been a relevant mechanism for the mutualisation of temporary costs with positive effects derived from the rehabilitation of the debtor, but it suffers from high transaction costs, it is burdened by the need to previously liquidate the assets of the bankrupt debtor and produces very limited liberating effects. The data reveal that the so-called Code of Good Practices for the viable restructuring of debts with a mortgage guarantee or the figure named Limited Liability Entrepreneur are clearly insufficient tools, if not useless, to effectively combat the natural person’s over-indebtedness. The failure is due to the lack of overall vocation of the measures as well as to the legislator's efforts to focus the attention on the remedy and not on the causes of over-indebtedness. Doctrinal, legislative and jurisprudential action suffers from a lack of perception of economic indicators by families, who often do not adapt their financial behaviour to the economic environment. This behaviour represents a real drag on the necessary change of mental pattern that allows, in turn, the change of paradigm. The mortgage delinquency rate, the loan-to-value ratio, the financial burden on households, the financial wealth of households, the economic optimism index or the savings rate all show that, after the economic crisis that began around 2008, families are still exposed to macroeconomic vicissitudes without observing a behaviour tending to increase the degree of prudence in spending and productive investment. Given the ineffectiveness of the regulatory element, the set of behavioural biases that lead to underwrite irresponsible credit contributes to this greater exposure of households to economic vicissitudes of any kind, whether of a geopolitical nature or of a health nature. It is essential that the public authorities implement real policies that encourage productive investment, not merely an overabundance of useless savings, develop public policies to promote a culture of responsible lending through effective awareness campaigns of the value of compliance and prevention, promoting financial education, seeking flexibility in a credit information market, allowing the treatment of positive solvency data, supporting entrepreneurship, promoting private savings plans, streamlining the Justice Administration, reduce the tax burden upon family savings, responsibility to Notaries and Property Registrars for the control of abusive clauses in contracts, extend the limited liability exemption to entrepreneurs and maintain a sufficient system of social assistance; all of this promoting the dynamism, lowering prices and flexibility conditions of credit and respecting the pre-establishment bases of property rights as a guarantee and the binding force of the contracts on which our Legal System is based...
The doctrinal stream of promoting and expanding areas of patrimonial indemnity of the natural person in the event of over-indebtedness has informed the legislative and jurisprudential initiatives implemented in recent years in the countries around us. However, the measures arbitrated by the legislator have not been effective in achieving their main purpose of maintaining a certain level of social welfare and combating the risk of social exclusion, mainly because the main effect of depriving obligations contracted of the corresponding guarantees is obviated, which is none other than the distortion in the conformation of prices and the correct formation of the demand, which is hampered by a problem of adverse selection and moral hazard. The benefit of exoneration of the unsatisfied liability ––Discharge–– could have been a relevant mechanism for the mutualisation of temporary costs with positive effects derived from the rehabilitation of the debtor, but it suffers from high transaction costs, it is burdened by the need to previously liquidate the assets of the bankrupt debtor and produces very limited liberating effects. The data reveal that the so-called Code of Good Practices for the viable restructuring of debts with a mortgage guarantee or the figure named Limited Liability Entrepreneur are clearly insufficient tools, if not useless, to effectively combat the natural person’s over-indebtedness. The failure is due to the lack of overall vocation of the measures as well as to the legislator's efforts to focus the attention on the remedy and not on the causes of over-indebtedness. Doctrinal, legislative and jurisprudential action suffers from a lack of perception of economic indicators by families, who often do not adapt their financial behaviour to the economic environment. This behaviour represents a real drag on the necessary change of mental pattern that allows, in turn, the change of paradigm. The mortgage delinquency rate, the loan-to-value ratio, the financial burden on households, the financial wealth of households, the economic optimism index or the savings rate all show that, after the economic crisis that began around 2008, families are still exposed to macroeconomic vicissitudes without observing a behaviour tending to increase the degree of prudence in spending and productive investment. Given the ineffectiveness of the regulatory element, the set of behavioural biases that lead to underwrite irresponsible credit contributes to this greater exposure of households to economic vicissitudes of any kind, whether of a geopolitical nature or of a health nature. It is essential that the public authorities implement real policies that encourage productive investment, not merely an overabundance of useless savings, develop public policies to promote a culture of responsible lending through effective awareness campaigns of the value of compliance and prevention, promoting financial education, seeking flexibility in a credit information market, allowing the treatment of positive solvency data, supporting entrepreneurship, promoting private savings plans, streamlining the Justice Administration, reduce the tax burden upon family savings, responsibility to Notaries and Property Registrars for the control of abusive clauses in contracts, extend the limited liability exemption to entrepreneurs and maintain a sufficient system of social assistance; all of this promoting the dynamism, lowering prices and flexibility conditions of credit and respecting the pre-establishment bases of property rights as a guarantee and the binding force of the contracts on which our Legal System is based...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, leída el 03/12/2020