Introducción a la Información cuántica y Computación cuántica. Criptografía cuántica: protocolos BB84 y E91
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2026
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Abstract
En este trabajo se estudia la criptografía cuántica como una aplicación fundamental de la información cuántica al problema de la distribución segura de claves. Tras motivar la necesidad de nuevos paradigmas criptográficos frente a la amenaza de la computación cuántica sobre sistemas clásicos como RSA, se introducen los conceptos físicos necesarios para el análisis: qubits, bases de medida, estados no ortogonales y teorema de no clonación. A continuación, se presenta el protocolo BB84, describiendo sus etapas principales y los procedimientos clásicos de corrección de errores y amplificación de privacidad. Su seguridad se estudia mediante herramientas de teoría de la información, en particular la información mutua de Shannon, y se deriva el umbral de QBER del 11% a partir de los teoremas de Csiszár-Körner y Hall. Estos resultados se complementan con una simulación Monte Carlo en Python del protocolo BB84 con ruido de canal y un ataque intercept-resend, que permite visualizar la relación entre la intervención de Eve, el QBER y la fracción de clave secreta extraíble. Finalmente, se analiza el protocolo E91, basado en pares entrelazados y en la violación de desigualdades de Bell, como un segundo mecanismo de seguridad fundamentado directamente en las leyes de la mecánica cuántica.
In this work, quantum cryptography is studied as a fundamental application of quantum information to the problem of secure key distribution. After motivating the need for new cryptographic paradigms in view of the threat posed by quantum computation to classical systems such as RSA, the physical concepts required for the analysis are introduced: qubits, measurement bases, nonorthogonal states, and the no-cloning theorem. The BB84 protocol is then presented, describing its main stages and the classical procedures of error correction and privacy amplification. Its security is studied using tools from information theory, in particular Shannon mutual information, and the 11% QBER threshold is derived from the Csiszár-Körner and Hall theorems. These results are complemented by a Monte Carlo simulation in Python of the BB84 protocol with channel noise and an intercept-resend attack, which allows us to visualize the relation between Eve’s intervention, the QBER, and the extractable secret key fraction. Finally, the E91 protocol, based on entangled pairs and the violation of Bell inequalities, is analyzed as a second security mechanism grounded directly in the laws of quantum mechanics.
In this work, quantum cryptography is studied as a fundamental application of quantum information to the problem of secure key distribution. After motivating the need for new cryptographic paradigms in view of the threat posed by quantum computation to classical systems such as RSA, the physical concepts required for the analysis are introduced: qubits, measurement bases, nonorthogonal states, and the no-cloning theorem. The BB84 protocol is then presented, describing its main stages and the classical procedures of error correction and privacy amplification. Its security is studied using tools from information theory, in particular Shannon mutual information, and the 11% QBER threshold is derived from the Csiszár-Körner and Hall theorems. These results are complemented by a Monte Carlo simulation in Python of the BB84 protocol with channel noise and an intercept-resend attack, which allows us to visualize the relation between Eve’s intervention, the QBER, and the extractable secret key fraction. Finally, the E91 protocol, based on entangled pairs and the violation of Bell inequalities, is analyzed as a second security mechanism grounded directly in the laws of quantum mechanics.













