La gestión del conocimiento en el sector hotelero portugués: un estudio sobre una parte del capital intelectual, el capital humano
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2015
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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El capital intelectual, de una u otra forma, se encuentra implicado en las recientes transformaciones económicas, gerenciales, tecnológicas, y sociológicas que han experimentado las organizaciones. El capital intelectual es un fenómeno organizacional relativamente nuevo, y tiene un carácter multidisciplinar que se encuentra en la literatura de una diversidad de especialidades, no sólo en terminología sino también en conceptos, modelos y perspectivas, lo cual revela la complejidad de su estudio. El capital intelectual es así un fenómeno organizacional de interacciones que se compone de: a) capital humano, b) capital estructural, y c) capital relacional. Debido a que son conceptos recientes y en evolución contante, existe una falta de estabilidad conceptual y una relativa escasez de investigación empírica dentro de la literatura dedicada a este tema. Al no haber definiciones universalmente aceptadas, existen diversidad de modelos y perspectivas. Esta diversidad no sólo refleja la importancia que el tema de los intangibles tiene en la sociedad actual, también la dificultad que aún existe por su comprensión. El eje de la investigación ha consistido en conocer si el capital intelectual puede tener influencia en el desempeño organizacional en los hoteles portugueses de 3, 4 y 5 estrellas, localizados en las regiones de Gran Lisboa y Península de Setúbal (NUT II). El objetivo es estudiar empíricamente el efecto de un modelo explicativo de la interacción de los tres componentes del capital intelectual en el desempeño organizacional. La identificación de los tres componentes del capital intelectual (capital humano, capital estructural y capital relacional) están presentes en estudios realizados en Canadá, en Malasia y en Portugal que soportan una perspectiva teórica que considera a los intangibles organizacionales como entidades integradas que interactúan para generar valor. En este proyecto de investigación se realizaron entrevistas exploratorias y se utilizó, como instrumento de medida, un cuestionario dirigido a los 167 directores de los unidades hoteleras localizadas en la zona de estudio, procurando conocer sus percepciones en lo que se refiere a los diferentes componentes del capital intelectual y a los principales indicadores de desempeño organizacional normalmente utilizados en el sector.
Este trabajo recoge los resultados del componente capital humano, para cuya medición el cuestionaría ha dispuesto de 21 ítems. Para responder a cada una de las preguntas se ha utilizado la escala de Likert, que va desde el 1, totalmente de desacuerdo hasta el 7, totalmente de acuerdo.
Se recibieron 97 respuestas, lo que significa un 58% del universo de estudio. Las respuestas de los ítems relacionados con el capital humano destacan el trabajo en equipo en el proceso de aprendizaje entre los empleados, las relaciones entre las diferentes unidades del hotel, la satisfacción/motivación de los empleados, la contratación de los mejores empleados y la reducida rotación del personal. Podemos también concluir, tal y como ocurre en otros estudios efectuados en diferentes contextos internacionales, que la apuesta por el capital intelectual es fundamental para los directores de los hoteles, sin dejar de expresar las dificultades que existen para su identificación, uso y exploración.
In one form or another, intellectual capital (IC) has been positively implicated in the recent economic, managerial, technological, and sociological transformations that organizations have undergone. It is a relatively new organizational phenomenon with a multidisciplinary character. One finds it in the literature of a variety of specialities, not only in their terminology but also in their concepts, models, and perspectives. This complexity makes it a particularly challenging topic to study. Intellectual capital is an organizational phenomenon of interactions that include: (i) human capital, (ii) structural capital, and (iii) relational capital. Because these are recent concepts and in constant evolution, there is still a relative paucity of empirical research in the literature on this topic. With no universally accepted definitions, there is a diversity of models and perspectives – a diversity that not only reflects the importance of the issue of intangibles in today's society but also the difficulty that still exists in understanding them. The focus of the present research was to determine whether IC may have an influence on the organizational performance of 3, 4, and 5 star hotels located in the Greater Lisbon and Setúbal Peninsula regions of Portugal (NUT II). The objective was to study empirically the effect of an explanatory model of the interaction of the three components of IC on that organizational performance. Identification of these three components of IC (human, structural, and relational capital) is present in literature studies conducted in Canada, Malaysia, and Portugal, supporting a theoretical approach which considers organizational intangibles to be integrated entities that interact to generate value. Exploratory interviews were conducted, and then, as the instrument of measurement, a questionnaire was directed to the head managers of the 167 hotels in the study area with the aim of gauging their perceptions of the different components of IC and the principal indicators of organizational performance normally used in the sector. The present communication presents the results for the human capital component, as measured by 21 items of the questionnaire. Responses to the items were on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1, completely disagree, to 7, completely agree. A total of 97 completed questionnaires were received, corresponding to 58% of the study universe. There stood out in the responses teamwork in the staff's learning processes, relations between the different units of the hotel, staff satisfaction/motivation, hiring the best staff, and reduced staff turnover. It was possible to conclude that, as has also been the case in other studies in different international contexts, hotel management's commitment to IC is crucial even though there are difficulties in identifying, using, and exploring it.
In one form or another, intellectual capital (IC) has been positively implicated in the recent economic, managerial, technological, and sociological transformations that organizations have undergone. It is a relatively new organizational phenomenon with a multidisciplinary character. One finds it in the literature of a variety of specialities, not only in their terminology but also in their concepts, models, and perspectives. This complexity makes it a particularly challenging topic to study. Intellectual capital is an organizational phenomenon of interactions that include: (i) human capital, (ii) structural capital, and (iii) relational capital. Because these are recent concepts and in constant evolution, there is still a relative paucity of empirical research in the literature on this topic. With no universally accepted definitions, there is a diversity of models and perspectives – a diversity that not only reflects the importance of the issue of intangibles in today's society but also the difficulty that still exists in understanding them. The focus of the present research was to determine whether IC may have an influence on the organizational performance of 3, 4, and 5 star hotels located in the Greater Lisbon and Setúbal Peninsula regions of Portugal (NUT II). The objective was to study empirically the effect of an explanatory model of the interaction of the three components of IC on that organizational performance. Identification of these three components of IC (human, structural, and relational capital) is present in literature studies conducted in Canada, Malaysia, and Portugal, supporting a theoretical approach which considers organizational intangibles to be integrated entities that interact to generate value. Exploratory interviews were conducted, and then, as the instrument of measurement, a questionnaire was directed to the head managers of the 167 hotels in the study area with the aim of gauging their perceptions of the different components of IC and the principal indicators of organizational performance normally used in the sector. The present communication presents the results for the human capital component, as measured by 21 items of the questionnaire. Responses to the items were on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1, completely disagree, to 7, completely agree. A total of 97 completed questionnaires were received, corresponding to 58% of the study universe. There stood out in the responses teamwork in the staff's learning processes, relations between the different units of the hotel, staff satisfaction/motivation, hiring the best staff, and reduced staff turnover. It was possible to conclude that, as has also been the case in other studies in different international contexts, hotel management's commitment to IC is crucial even though there are difficulties in identifying, using, and exploring it.