Análisis de incidentes operativos en sistemas complejos: actuación humana ante alarmas
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2016
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15/01/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La investigación ha explorado el rol y el uso del sistema de alarma en una sala de control avanzada, en el dominio del control de procesos. El sistema de alarma ayuda al operador a mantener las variables dentro del rango de operación normal y en los márgenes de seguridad de la planta. Las alarmas constituyen un elemento vital en el control del proceso. En la parte teórica del proyecto de investigación, inicialmente se caracteriza lo que constituye una sala de control y un simulador de control del proceso, las diversas aproximaciones al diseño, convencional frente a avanzado, aspectos relativos a la introducción de nuevas tecnologías en la sala de control y la importancia del concepto de operación de la planta. En segundo lugar, se abarca el papel del operador en la sala de control, las funciones y las tareas que lleva a cabo en los distintos estados de la planta y condiciones de operación, terminando con una descripción de las capacidades y limitaciones del ser humano relevantes para un enfoque de diseño centrado en el usuario. El siguiente capítulo resume la revisión del estado del arte sobre sistemas de alarmas, cubre la filosofía básica de un sistema de alarma, el concepto de alarma y de sistema de alarma, las funciones y los usos de las alarmas en la sala de control. Continúa con el enfoque normativo de la incorporación de los principios de los factores humanos en el diseño de la sala de control y en el sistema de alarma, así como una descripción de los principios, las directrices y las recomendaciones, las normas y las guías de estilo. Los principales problemas del diseño del sistema de alarmas, que los operadores y las organizaciones necesitan afrontar en la industria nuclear y en otros entornos, se exponen para, a continuación, presentar una serie de incidentes y accidentes de diferentes dominios, en donde las alarmas desempeñaron un papel relevante. El siguiente capítulo describe las principales características del sistema de alarma, en especial el medio de presentación de las alarmas en una sala de control convencional frente a una sala de control avanzada. El último capítulo de la parte teórica revisa el estado del arte de la literatura sobre estudios de sistemas de alarmas en relación con las hipótesis y las preguntas de investigación del proyecto de I+D. Las bases para la formulación de trece hipótesis están en estudios previos descritos en la revisión del estado del arte así como en nuestra experiencia en el diseño y la evaluación de la interfaz de sistemas de alarma en simuladores de salas de control del ámbito nuclear. El tema principal de la investigación es la presentación de información de alarma y la forma en qué los operadores utilizan el sistema de alarma en la sala de control. En la parte experimental, se describe inicialmente el método experimental empleado en el desarrollo de la tesis. Se analiza la actividad visual de los equipos de operación, empleando diseños experimentales intra-sujetos y entre-sujetos y diferentes escenarios. Las fuentes de recogida de información incluyen datos de registros oculares (seguimiento de movimientos oculares), registros del simulador, vídeos y registros de comentarios de expertos en el proceso realizados en tiempo real durante la simulación...
The research has been conducted to explore the role and the use of alarm system in an advanced control room in the process control domain. Alarm system supports the operator to maintain variables within normal operating range in the safety margins of the plant. The alarms are a vital element in the process control. In the theoretical part of the research project, before starting with aspects related to the alarm system in the process control, initially we characterize the control room and the simulators in the process control, the approach to the different types of design (conventional versus advanced), issues of the introduction of new technologies in the control room and the relevance of the concept of operation of the plant. Second, the role of the operator in the control room is explained, the operator’s functions and the tasks assigned to them based on the plant states during diverse operating conditions, and the capabilities and limitations of the human being relevant for a user-centred design approach. A state-of-the-art review covers the basic philosophy of an alarm system in the control room, the concept of alarm and alarm system, the functions of the alarms, and the uses of the alarm systems. Next follows a review of the regulatory approach on the incorporation of human factors principles in the control room and in the alarm system design as well as a description of principles, guidelines and recommendations, standards and style guides. Then, the primary problems with alarm system design, that operators and organizations need to handle, are reviewed for the nuclear industry and other environments. Next, some incidents and accidents that happened in different domains are described, highlighting the role of the alarms in the events. The features of the alarm system, focus on the alarm presentation media in a conventional control room versus an advanced control room, are the subject of one of the chapters. The last chapter of the theoretical part presents a literature review of the state of the art for alarm systems in relation to the hypotheses and the research questions of this research project. The bases for formulating of the thirteen hypotheses comes from previous studies described in the state-ofthe- art review and from our experience in the design and evaluation of the interface of alarm systems in control room simulators of the nuclear field. The primary focus of the research is on the presentation of alarm information and how operators use the alarm system in the control room. In the experimental part, initially the experimental method of the study is described. The visual activity of operating crews was analyzed with experimental design which comprises between designs and within designs in different scenarios. Several sources of information data collection were employed in the study, such as eye movement tracking equipment data, simulator logs, videotapes, and records of on line process expert’ comments during the simulations. Six professional crews of nuclear power plants in operation participated (eighteen licensed operators), and each crew was composed of reactor operator, turbine operator and shift supervisor. The reactor and turbine operators used the eye movement tracking equipment. Therefore, the crew data were averaged over the reactor and turbine operators, not including the role of supervisor or other potential members of the shift...
The research has been conducted to explore the role and the use of alarm system in an advanced control room in the process control domain. Alarm system supports the operator to maintain variables within normal operating range in the safety margins of the plant. The alarms are a vital element in the process control. In the theoretical part of the research project, before starting with aspects related to the alarm system in the process control, initially we characterize the control room and the simulators in the process control, the approach to the different types of design (conventional versus advanced), issues of the introduction of new technologies in the control room and the relevance of the concept of operation of the plant. Second, the role of the operator in the control room is explained, the operator’s functions and the tasks assigned to them based on the plant states during diverse operating conditions, and the capabilities and limitations of the human being relevant for a user-centred design approach. A state-of-the-art review covers the basic philosophy of an alarm system in the control room, the concept of alarm and alarm system, the functions of the alarms, and the uses of the alarm systems. Next follows a review of the regulatory approach on the incorporation of human factors principles in the control room and in the alarm system design as well as a description of principles, guidelines and recommendations, standards and style guides. Then, the primary problems with alarm system design, that operators and organizations need to handle, are reviewed for the nuclear industry and other environments. Next, some incidents and accidents that happened in different domains are described, highlighting the role of the alarms in the events. The features of the alarm system, focus on the alarm presentation media in a conventional control room versus an advanced control room, are the subject of one of the chapters. The last chapter of the theoretical part presents a literature review of the state of the art for alarm systems in relation to the hypotheses and the research questions of this research project. The bases for formulating of the thirteen hypotheses comes from previous studies described in the state-ofthe- art review and from our experience in the design and evaluation of the interface of alarm systems in control room simulators of the nuclear field. The primary focus of the research is on the presentation of alarm information and how operators use the alarm system in the control room. In the experimental part, initially the experimental method of the study is described. The visual activity of operating crews was analyzed with experimental design which comprises between designs and within designs in different scenarios. Several sources of information data collection were employed in the study, such as eye movement tracking equipment data, simulator logs, videotapes, and records of on line process expert’ comments during the simulations. Six professional crews of nuclear power plants in operation participated (eighteen licensed operators), and each crew was composed of reactor operator, turbine operator and shift supervisor. The reactor and turbine operators used the eye movement tracking equipment. Therefore, the crew data were averaged over the reactor and turbine operators, not including the role of supervisor or other potential members of the shift...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, leída el 15-01-2016