Prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad en adictos a sustancias: del cribado al diagnóstico
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2011
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Pedrero Pérez E.J., Rojo Mota G., Puerta García C., Ruiz Sánchez De León J.M., & Llanero Luque M. (2011). Prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención/ hiperactividad en adictos a sustancias: Del cribado al diagnóstico. Revista de Neurología, 52(6), 331–340.
Abstract
Introducción.
Existe abundante bibliografía sobre la coexistencia de criterios diagnósticos para el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) y el abuso/dependencia de sustancias. La prevalencia encontrada en diversos trabajos difiere considerablemente.
Objetivo.
Aplicar un algoritmo que considere todos los criterios necesarios para un adecuado diagnóstico y explorar las condiciones asociadas a los falsos positivos.
Pacientes y métodos.
Se aplicó el algoritmo diagnóstico, utilizando diversas pruebas en las distintas fases: la Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale para el cribado, la Wender-Utah Rating Scale y la Parents’ Rating Scale para el diagnóstico retrospectivo, y la escala de comportamiento frontal, versión española autoadministrada, y la escala de estrés percibido para el estudio de verdaderos/falsos positivos. Se exploraron también síntomas de otros trastornos del eje I y se administró una batería de pruebas neuropsicológicas clásicas. Todo ello sobre una muestra de 696 sujetos que iniciaron tratamiento en un centro de atención a drogodependientes.
Resultados.
La prevalencia encontrada finalmente fue del 6,89%. Los falsos positivos en la prueba de cribado se asemejaban en su sintomatología previa al consumo a los verdaderos negativos, pero aquélla era similar en el momento actual a la de los verdaderos positivos, con quienes no mostraban diferencias en el rendimiento neuropsicológico. El trastorno de ansiedad generalizada fue el que mostró mayor relación con los falsos positivos.
Conclusiones.
La categoría diagnóstica de TDAH suele utilizarse indiscriminadamente para clasificar a sujetos con alteraciones neurológicas de aparición temprana y a quienes presentan similares manifestaciones tras la fase de adicción activa a sustancias. Se requiere un estudio neurológico y neuropsicológico que vaya más allá de los meros síntomas para caracterizar y tratar adecuadamente un conjunto de manifestaciones sintomatológicas similares, pero con componentes evolutivos y etiopatogénicos muy diversos.
Introduction. There is a rich body of literature on the coexistence of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance abuse/dependence. Prevalence, however, varies considerably from one work to another. Aims. To apply an algorithm that takes into account all the criteria needed to reach an adequate diagnosis and to explore the conditions associated with false positives. Patients and methods. The diagnostic algorithm was applied using several tests in the different phases, i.e. the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale was used for screening, the Wender-Utah Rating Scale and the Parents’ Rating Scale were administered for the retrospective diagnosis, and the self-administered Spanish version of the frontal behaviour scale and the perceived stress scale were used to study false positives. Symptoms of other axis I disorders were also explored and a battery of classic neuropsychological tests was administered. All this was carried out with a sample of 696 subjects whose treatment began in a care centre for drug addicts. Results. The final prevalence was found to be 6.89%. The symptoms of the false positives in the screening test prior to consumption were similar to those of the true negatives, but in that moment those symptoms were similar to those of the true positives, with whom no differences were found in the neuropsychological performance. Generalised anxiety disorder was the one that showed the highest relation with false positives. Conclusions. The diagnostic category of ADHD is usually utilised indiscriminately to classify subjects with early-onset neurological disorders and those who present similar manifestations following the phase of active addiction to substances. There is a need for a neurological and neuropsychological study that goes beyond the mere symptoms so as to be able to carry out a suitable characterisation and treatment of a set of similar symptomatic manifestations, but with a very wide range of developmental and aetiopathogenic components.
Introduction. There is a rich body of literature on the coexistence of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance abuse/dependence. Prevalence, however, varies considerably from one work to another. Aims. To apply an algorithm that takes into account all the criteria needed to reach an adequate diagnosis and to explore the conditions associated with false positives. Patients and methods. The diagnostic algorithm was applied using several tests in the different phases, i.e. the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale was used for screening, the Wender-Utah Rating Scale and the Parents’ Rating Scale were administered for the retrospective diagnosis, and the self-administered Spanish version of the frontal behaviour scale and the perceived stress scale were used to study false positives. Symptoms of other axis I disorders were also explored and a battery of classic neuropsychological tests was administered. All this was carried out with a sample of 696 subjects whose treatment began in a care centre for drug addicts. Results. The final prevalence was found to be 6.89%. The symptoms of the false positives in the screening test prior to consumption were similar to those of the true negatives, but in that moment those symptoms were similar to those of the true positives, with whom no differences were found in the neuropsychological performance. Generalised anxiety disorder was the one that showed the highest relation with false positives. Conclusions. The diagnostic category of ADHD is usually utilised indiscriminately to classify subjects with early-onset neurological disorders and those who present similar manifestations following the phase of active addiction to substances. There is a need for a neurological and neuropsychological study that goes beyond the mere symptoms so as to be able to carry out a suitable characterisation and treatment of a set of similar symptomatic manifestations, but with a very wide range of developmental and aetiopathogenic components.