Advances in the prevention and management of ventilator-associated pneumonia
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2009
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Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
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Bouza E, Burillo A. Advances in the prevention and management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Aug;22(4):345-51. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32832d8910. PMID: 19506478.
Abstract
Este artículo revisa de forma crítica los avances más relevantes publicados en el período 2008–2009 sobre la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAV) en adultos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos. En el ámbito preventivo, se destacan la implementación de paquetes de medidas (“ventilator bundles”), la higiene de manos, el cuidado oral con clorhexidina, la aspiración continua de secreciones subglóticas y el uso de tubos endotraqueales recubiertos de plata, subrayando la importancia de la vigilancia activa para evaluar su impacto. En cuanto al diagnóstico, los autores analizan la ausencia de un método microbiológico de referencia universal, defendiendo la necesidad de un diagnóstico precoz, rápido y adaptado a la experiencia de cada centro, así como el valor del Gram directo y del antibiograma rápido mediante E-test. Respecto al tratamiento, se enfatiza la administración inmediata de antibioterapia empírica adecuada seguida de una estrategia de desescalada basada en la evolución clínica y los resultados microbiológicos, así como la tendencia a acortar la duración del tratamiento para reducir la aparición de resistencias. El artículo concluye que, pese a los avances, persisten áreas de controversia y lagunas de conocimiento que requieren investigación futura.
Purpose of review: Despite copious literature on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), several aspects of this subject remain controversial. We review the current state of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VAP, paying special attention to data reported over the past year. Recent findings: The latest recommendations for VAP prevention stress the importance of implementing ventilator bundles and VAP-specific process measures such as hand hygiene in healthcare workers and regular oral care with a chlorhexidine antiseptic in patients. Isolated interventions such as aspirating subglottic secretions or the use of silver-coated endotracheal tubes have also achieved a reduction in the incidence of VAP. Improvement should be confirmed by active surveillance. Summary: There is still no consensus as to the best microbiological diagnostic method for VAP, although an early, rapid, and accurate diagnosis should be pursued. Most recent improvements include the direct antibiogram using E-test strips. There is much clinical assessment work pending before biomarkers and molecular techniques become routine practice. The best treatment strategy consists of immediate antimicrobial treatment deescalated later according to clinical progress and culture results. Emphasis is placed on the need for timely short treatment courses to avoid the emergence of resistance.
Purpose of review: Despite copious literature on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), several aspects of this subject remain controversial. We review the current state of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VAP, paying special attention to data reported over the past year. Recent findings: The latest recommendations for VAP prevention stress the importance of implementing ventilator bundles and VAP-specific process measures such as hand hygiene in healthcare workers and regular oral care with a chlorhexidine antiseptic in patients. Isolated interventions such as aspirating subglottic secretions or the use of silver-coated endotracheal tubes have also achieved a reduction in the incidence of VAP. Improvement should be confirmed by active surveillance. Summary: There is still no consensus as to the best microbiological diagnostic method for VAP, although an early, rapid, and accurate diagnosis should be pursued. Most recent improvements include the direct antibiogram using E-test strips. There is much clinical assessment work pending before biomarkers and molecular techniques become routine practice. The best treatment strategy consists of immediate antimicrobial treatment deescalated later according to clinical progress and culture results. Emphasis is placed on the need for timely short treatment courses to avoid the emergence of resistance.












