La financiarización desde el marxismo: un análisis comparativo
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2025
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La financiarización se ha convertido en un concepto controvertido en las diferentes caracterizaciones del capitalismo contemporáneo, por lo que su definición está lejos de ser unívoca. Dentro del marxismo, coexisten múltiples teorías que abordan este fenómeno desde coordenadas teóricas distintas, llegando incluso a conclusiones opuestas. El presente trabajo realiza un análisis comparativo de las principales teorías marxistas sobre la financiarización a través de cinco ejes analíticos: la definición del fenómeno, su causa, la relación entre las esferas productiva y financiera, la funcionalidad de las finanzas y su novedad histórica. A partir de esta estructura, se identifican cuatro grandes corrientes: la teoría del capital monopolista, la del capital especulativo-parasitario, la teoría de la contratendencia a la Tasa Decreciente de Ganancia y la teoría de los ciclos largos. A su vez se recogen perspectivas no sistematizadas que ofrecen aportaciones teóricas relevantes. El análisis evidencia que muchas de las teorías que postulan la autonomía de las finanzas, o que conciben un nuevo régimen de acumulación desligado de la producción, entran en contradicción con los fundamentos de la teoría marxista, especialmente con la ley del valor trabajo. Frente a estas posturas, se propone una lectura orgánica de las formas del capital, para comprender las finanzas como elementos funcionales al capital industrial y, por tanto, a la dinámica de acumulación capitalista.
Financialization has become a controversial concept in the various characterizations of contemporary capitalism, and its use is far from univocal. Within Marxism, multiple theories coexist that approach this phenomenon from different theoretical standpoints, often arriving at opposing conclusions. This study offers a comparative analysis of the main Marxist theories on financialization through five analytical axes: definition of the phenomenon, its causes, the relationship between the productive and financial spheres, the functionality of finance and its historical novelty. Based on this framework, four major theoretical currents are identified: the monopoly capital theory, the speculative-parasitic capital theory, the countertendency theory of the falling rate of profit, and the long-wave theory. Additionally, non-systematized perspectives that offer relevant theoretical contributions are also included. The analysis shows that many theories positing the autonomy of finance, or proposing a new accumulation regime detached from production, contradict the foundations of Marxist theory, particularly the labor theory of value. In contrast to these positions, an organic reading of the forms of capital is proposed, in order to understand finance as functionally integrated with industrial capital and, therefore, with the dynamics of capitalist accumulation.
Financialization has become a controversial concept in the various characterizations of contemporary capitalism, and its use is far from univocal. Within Marxism, multiple theories coexist that approach this phenomenon from different theoretical standpoints, often arriving at opposing conclusions. This study offers a comparative analysis of the main Marxist theories on financialization through five analytical axes: definition of the phenomenon, its causes, the relationship between the productive and financial spheres, the functionality of finance and its historical novelty. Based on this framework, four major theoretical currents are identified: the monopoly capital theory, the speculative-parasitic capital theory, the countertendency theory of the falling rate of profit, and the long-wave theory. Additionally, non-systematized perspectives that offer relevant theoretical contributions are also included. The analysis shows that many theories positing the autonomy of finance, or proposing a new accumulation regime detached from production, contradict the foundations of Marxist theory, particularly the labor theory of value. In contrast to these positions, an organic reading of the forms of capital is proposed, in order to understand finance as functionally integrated with industrial capital and, therefore, with the dynamics of capitalist accumulation.












