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Evolutionary conformation model of salivary gland lithiasis

dc.contributor.authorSánchez Barrueco, Álvaro
dc.contributor.authorLópez-Acevedo Cornejo, María Victoria
dc.contributor.authorLópez De Andrés, María Sol
dc.contributor.authorDíaz Tapia, Gonzalo
dc.contributor.authorAlcalá Rueda, Ignacio
dc.contributor.authorSantillán Coello, Jessica M
dc.contributor.authorCenjor Español, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorVillacampa Aubá, José Miguel
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-08T14:43:40Z
dc.date.available2025-07-08T14:43:40Z
dc.date.issued2025-06-05
dc.description.abstractIntroduction: Salivary stones, or sialoliths, are calcified concretions forming within salivary glands and their ducts through a two-stage process: an initial formation of a central core via precipitation of inorganic material mediated by organic substances, followed by layering of additional organic and inorganic material. Substrates for sialolith formation include mucoid agglomerates, organic vesicles, foreign bodies, and bacterial biofilms. Understanding the detailed structure of sialoliths may aid in developing specific preventive or therapeutic strategies. Materials and methods: This study analyzed 137 sialoliths from 102 patients treated across three university hospitals. Stones were extracted via sialendoscopy, direct extraction, or spontaneous extrusion. Structural and compositional analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Results: Most sialoliths were from the submandibular gland (82%), with the remainder from the parotid gland (18%). Parotid stones predominantly exhibited irregular shapes, while submandibular stones were generally ellipsoidal. All stones demonstrated an oolitic structure characterized by a central core surrounded by concentric layers and frequently associated with bacteria. Mineral composition predominantly included octacalcium phosphate (OCP), hydroxyapatite, and whitlockite. Larger sialoliths exhibited a higher proportion of hydroxyapatite, indicating increased crystallinity compared to OCP. Discussion: Despite diverse origins and locations, sialoliths share common morphological and compositional traits. Their formation begins with heterogeneous nucleation of calcium phosphates around organic spherules, likely induced by bacterial biofilms. These initial nuclei aggregate into a central core upon which additional layers of organic and inorganic materials deposit progressively. This layering increases the size and crystallinity of the sialoliths over time. The coexistence of amorphous phases and structural heterogeneity within layers explains the variability among stones. Detailed SEM-EDX analysis supports a unified conformational model for sialoliths that integrates the interplay of organic substrates, inorganic minerals, bacterial biofilms, and temporal factors. Conclusions: Sialoliths are oolitic aggregates featuring a central core surrounded by concentric layers composed of organic and inorganic materials. Their formation process involves initial heterogeneous nucleation, bacterial influence, and progressive crystallization. This universal conformational model effectively describes sialolith formation irrespective of patient-specific or anatomical variations.
dc.description.departmentDepto. de Mineralogía y Petrología
dc.description.facultyFac. de Ciencias Geológicas
dc.description.refereedTRUE
dc.description.statuspub
dc.identifier.citationSánchez Barrueco, Á., López-Acevedo Cornejo, M. V., Aragonés Sanzen-Baker, W., López-Andrés, S., Díaz Tapia, G., Alcalá Rueda, I., Santillán Coello, J. M., Cenjor Español, C., & Villacampa Aubá, J. M. (2025). Evolutionary conformation model of salivary gland lithiasis. Frontiers in Oral Health, 6, 1610977. https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2025.1610977
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/froh.2025.1610977
dc.identifier.essn2673-4842
dc.identifier.officialurlhttps://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2025.1610977
dc.identifier.relatedurlhttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oral-health/articles/10.3389/froh.2025.1610977/full
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/122336
dc.issue.number1610977
dc.journal.titleFrontiers in Oral Health
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherFrontiers Media
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.accessRightsopen access
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subject.cdu616.316
dc.subject.keywordSialolithiasis
dc.subject.keywordBiomineralization
dc.subject.keywordHeterogeneous nucleation
dc.subject.keywordSialomicroliths
dc.subject.keywordConformational model
dc.subject.keywordSialadenitis
dc.subject.keywordScanning electron microscopy
dc.subject.ucmMineralogía (Geología)
dc.subject.ucmOdontología (Odontología)
dc.subject.unesco2506.11 Mineralogía
dc.subject.unesco32 Ciencias Médicas
dc.titleEvolutionary conformation model of salivary gland lithiasis
dc.typejournal article
dc.type.hasVersionVoR
dc.volume.number6
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublication7474b641-46d6-41f6-9ca5-159e6faddf53
relation.isAuthorOfPublicatione8889f99-6c40-4a0d-a11b-d305a8a9ecea
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery7474b641-46d6-41f6-9ca5-159e6faddf53

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