Análisis marxista del milagro económico español (1994-2007): dinámica salarial e impacto sobre la estructura de la propiedad
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2017
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27/01/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Durante el periodo 1994-2007 el capitalismo español alcanzó un ritmo de crecimiento más elevado que el resto de economías de la Eurozona e incluso superior al de la economía estadounidense, lo que le permitió disfrutar de un proceso de convergencia en términos de PIB per cápita. Este acercamiento en el nivel medio de ingresos, junto a la creación de empleo, se utilizó para reivindicar los logros del modelo español, hasta el punto de hablar de milagro económico. Sin embargo, este proceso no tuvo lugar en condiciones sociales armónicas. Los salarios quedaron sometidos a un profundo ajuste durante esta misma fase y las condiciones laborales se degradaron inoculando un elevado grado de inestabilidad económica a la clase asalariada. Mediante esta investigación se pretenden desentrañar las causas que explican que este proceso de crecimiento no viniera acompañado de un avance similar de las condiciones materiales de vida de la mayor parte de la población, la clase asalariada. Para ello, se utiliza el método de análisis marxista, considerado el sistema teórico más potente para comprender las contradicciones inherentes a la acumulación capitalista. Concretamente, los objetivos propuestos son los siguientes: - Detectar la tendencia mantenida por la tasa de plusvalor en España durante la fase de análisis, considerada como el principal determinante de la distribución funcional del ingreso. El análisis ha puesto de manifiesto que el capital requirió el incremento de las condiciones de explotación a efectos de conseguir contrarrestar las tensiones sobre la rentabilidad. De este modo, se ha obtenido que la tasa de plusvalor se incrementó durante la fase analizada desde el 0,88 hasta el 0,94. Desde la perspectiva de la distribución funcional del ingreso se ha verificado la erosión del salario relativo, de manera que la participación de las rentas salariales sobre el total del ingreso descendió desde el 54,3% hasta el 53,1%. No obstante, la magnitud real de este proceso, solo puede comprenderse si se considera el peso creciente de la clase asalariada sobre la población total. Mediante el coeficiente salarial, que relaciona la participación de los salarios en el ingreso total con la tasa de asalarización de la población, e pretende contemplar este fenómeno. Y, en el caso analizado, se obtiene que durante estos años el indicador cae desde el 60,7 hasta el 56,8, reflejando así la regresión experimentada por los salarios...
During the period 1994-2007 the Spanish capitalism reached a higher rate of economic growth than the rest of economies in Eurozone, even higher than the US one. This stronger growth allowed Spanish economy to enjoy a catch-up process in GDP per capita. This achievement, together with job creation, was used to justify that Spain was living its own economic miracle during this phase. However, this process was not harmonious as far as social conditions is concerned. Wages were subject to a deep adjustment during this same phase and the work conditions were degraded, leading to a higher degree of instability in the salaried class. The research aims to unravel the causes that can explain why the growth process was not accompanied by similar progress in the material life conditions of most of the population, the salaried class. The Marxist framework, which is considered the most powerful theoretical system, is used in order to understand the internal contradictions of the capital accumulation. Specifically, the objectives of the research are as follows: - Detect the trend maintained by the surplus rate during the analyzed phase regarded as the main determinant of the functional distribution of income. The analysis shows that capital required a rise in the exploitation conditions in order to counter the downward pressure on the rate of profit. Thus the surplus rate increased from 0.88 to 0.94 during the analyzed phase. From the point of view of the functional distribution of income, the relative wage erosion has been verified the relative wage erosion: the share of wage in total income decreased from 54.3% to 53.1%. Nevertheless, to understand rigorously the true magnitude of the wage regression it is necessary integrate in the analysis the increasing share of the salaried class on the total population. This is the reason that justifies the use of the wage coefficient, an index that relates the relative wage with the share of the salaried class on the total population. In the analyzed case the index shows a decrease from 60.7 to 56.8...
During the period 1994-2007 the Spanish capitalism reached a higher rate of economic growth than the rest of economies in Eurozone, even higher than the US one. This stronger growth allowed Spanish economy to enjoy a catch-up process in GDP per capita. This achievement, together with job creation, was used to justify that Spain was living its own economic miracle during this phase. However, this process was not harmonious as far as social conditions is concerned. Wages were subject to a deep adjustment during this same phase and the work conditions were degraded, leading to a higher degree of instability in the salaried class. The research aims to unravel the causes that can explain why the growth process was not accompanied by similar progress in the material life conditions of most of the population, the salaried class. The Marxist framework, which is considered the most powerful theoretical system, is used in order to understand the internal contradictions of the capital accumulation. Specifically, the objectives of the research are as follows: - Detect the trend maintained by the surplus rate during the analyzed phase regarded as the main determinant of the functional distribution of income. The analysis shows that capital required a rise in the exploitation conditions in order to counter the downward pressure on the rate of profit. Thus the surplus rate increased from 0.88 to 0.94 during the analyzed phase. From the point of view of the functional distribution of income, the relative wage erosion has been verified the relative wage erosion: the share of wage in total income decreased from 54.3% to 53.1%. Nevertheless, to understand rigorously the true magnitude of the wage regression it is necessary integrate in the analysis the increasing share of the salaried class on the total population. This is the reason that justifies the use of the wage coefficient, an index that relates the relative wage with the share of the salaried class on the total population. In the analyzed case the index shows a decrease from 60.7 to 56.8...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Aplicada I (Economía Internacional y Desarrollo), leída el 27/01/2016