Modelización CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) del intercambio de contaminantes entre los ambientes exterior e interior por ventilación natural en un entorno urbano
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2023
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Abstract
La contaminación del aire en las áreas urbanas, especialmente debida a los óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) originados por el tráfico, son una de las principales amenazas a la salud humana. Estudiar los niveles de contaminación a los que está expuesto la población, no sólo en el exterior, sino también en interiores, es un tarea no sólo crucial sino ardua, debido a la compleja distribución de los contaminantes, influenciada por la arquitectura urbana y la meteorología. Una herramienta muy útil en este aspecto son las simulaciones CFD. Este estudio utiliza estas simulaciones para comprender cómo la meteorología afecta a la ventilación natural de una habitación y al inter cambio exterior-interior de NOx. Para cumplir este objetivo, se ha estudiado el impacto de la velocidad y la dirección del viento en la concentración de NOx en las calles de la zona de estudio, encontrándose que los contaminantes se transportan, de forma general, de acuerdo a la dirección del viento, aunque presentando una distribución muy heterogénea. También, estudiando las diferentes fuentes de emisión de NOx, se ha hallado que los mayores niveles de concentración se encuentran en las zonas dónde se emiten de forma directa los NOx, bien sea el propio tráfico dentro de las calles, o fuentes más locales, como ambulancias aparcadas con el motor al ralentí. Posteriormente, se ha realizado el estudio de la influencia de la meteorología en la ventilación natural de una habitación de un edifico de la zona de estudio, analizando los intercambios de aire por hora (ACHs) a diferente configuración de ventanas abiertas y cerradas. En este caso, se ha encontrado cómo la combinación entre las diferentes direcciones de viento y las concentraciones de NOx exteriores alteran la concentración interior, y los intercambios de aire. Como último punto, se ha investigado la relación entre las concentración de NOx en el interior de la habitación y el exterior, tomando diferentes casos de peatones virtuales, que ha permitido ilustrar la alta variabilidad espacial de la concentración de NOx en la atmósfera. De esta forma, se busca que este trabajo contribuya a comprender mejor la exposición a la contaminación atmosférica en los entornos urbanos, utilizando simulaciones CFD.
Air pollution in urban areas, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by traffic, is one of the main threats to human health. Studying the levels of pollution to which the population is exposed is not only crucial but also challenging, not only outdoors but indoors as well. This is due to the complex distribution of pollutants, influenced by urban architecture and meteorology. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are a very useful tool in this aspect. This study aims to use these simulations to understand how meteorology affects the natural ventilation of a room and the outdoor-indoor exchange of NOx. To achieve this goal, the research has examined the impact of wind speed and wind direction on the concentration of NOx in the streets of the study area. It was found that pollutants are generally transported according to the wind direction, although with a highly heterogeneous distribution. Furthermore, by studying different sources of NOx emissions, it was discovered that the highest concentration levels are found in areas where NOx is directly emitted, either from traffic or more local sources. Subsequently, the study focused on the influence of meteorology on the natural ventilation of a specific room of a building in the study area, analyzing air changes per hour (ACH) under different configurations of open and closed windows. In this case, it was determined how the combination of different wind directions and outdoor NOx concentrations alter indoor concentration and air exchange. As a final point, a relationship was searched between indoor and outdoor NOx concentrations, considering various scenarios involving virtualy pedestrians. This helped to illustrate the high spatial variability of NOx in the atmosphere. In this way, the aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of exposure to atmospheric pollutants in urban environments through CFD simulations.
Air pollution in urban areas, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by traffic, is one of the main threats to human health. Studying the levels of pollution to which the population is exposed is not only crucial but also challenging, not only outdoors but indoors as well. This is due to the complex distribution of pollutants, influenced by urban architecture and meteorology. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are a very useful tool in this aspect. This study aims to use these simulations to understand how meteorology affects the natural ventilation of a room and the outdoor-indoor exchange of NOx. To achieve this goal, the research has examined the impact of wind speed and wind direction on the concentration of NOx in the streets of the study area. It was found that pollutants are generally transported according to the wind direction, although with a highly heterogeneous distribution. Furthermore, by studying different sources of NOx emissions, it was discovered that the highest concentration levels are found in areas where NOx is directly emitted, either from traffic or more local sources. Subsequently, the study focused on the influence of meteorology on the natural ventilation of a specific room of a building in the study area, analyzing air changes per hour (ACH) under different configurations of open and closed windows. In this case, it was determined how the combination of different wind directions and outdoor NOx concentrations alter indoor concentration and air exchange. As a final point, a relationship was searched between indoor and outdoor NOx concentrations, considering various scenarios involving virtualy pedestrians. This helped to illustrate the high spatial variability of NOx in the atmosphere. In this way, the aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of exposure to atmospheric pollutants in urban environments through CFD simulations.
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Curso académico 2022-2023