Competencias y dificultades de estudiantes universitarios ante un problema que involucra la conjetura y la demostración
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2025
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Universidad de La Rioja
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Milanesio, B. A., & Burgos, M. (2025). Competencias y dificultades de estudiantes universitarios ante un problema que involucra la conjetura y la demostración. Contextos educativos: Revista de educación, 35, 59-85. https://doi.org/10.18172/CON.6463
Abstract
A pesar de la importancia de la demostración para el desarrollo de la competencia matemática de los estudiantes, cómo se produce su aprendizaje continúa siendo un reto tanto para los investigadores en educación matemática como para los propios profesores. En este trabajo, analizamos la competencia de estudiantes de primer curso universitario para resolver un problema que involucra la conjetura y demostración de propiedades aritméticas. Adoptando un enfoque metodológico esencialmente cualitativo, articulamos el modelo de Toulmin con herramientas del Enfoque ontosemiótico para caracterizar y analizar las prácticas. Específicamente, identificamos los objetos y procesos implicados en las argumentaciones, relacionándolos con los elementos del modelo de Toulmin y estudiamos el grado de generalización logrado. Esta articulación nos permite desarrollar una mirada más profunda de las competencias de los estudiantes con la demostración y las dificultades encontradas. Los resultados muestran que, si bien la mayoría de los estudiantes emplea argumentaciones deductivas correctas para validar o refutar conjeturas que están explícitas en los enunciados, encuentran diversas dificultades al formular conjeturas que no lo están y al desarrollar sus demostraciones. Además, muchos estudiantes no logran el grado de formalización esperado en el nivel universitario, y cuando lo alcanzan no necesariamente implica mayor pertinencia en la solución. Estos resultados muestran que la formación recibida hasta el momento no fue suficiente para lograr un conocimiento sólido de la demostración. Se concluye la necesidad de prestar atención a cómo se aborda la demostración en los procesos instruccionales actuales para abordar las dificultades identificadas y generar oportunidades de aprendizaje significativo.
Despite the importance of proof for developing students' mathematical competence, understanding how its learning occurs remains a challenge for both researchers in Mathematics Education as well as teachers. In this study, we analyze the competence of first year university students in solving a problem involving the conjecture and proof of arithmetic properties. Adopting a predominantly qualitative methodological approach, we integrate the Toulmin's model with tools from the Onto-semiotic Approach to characterize and analyze the practices developed by students. Specifically, we identify the objects and processes involved in the argumentations, relating them to the elements of the Toulmin's model, and examine the degree of generalization achieved. This integration enables us to gain deeper insight into students' competencies with proof and the difficulties they encounter. The results of our study show that, while most students use correct deductive argumentations to validate or refute conjectures explicitly stated in the given problem, they face significant difficulties when formulating conjectures that are not explicitly provided and in developing their proofs. Furthermore, many students fail to achieve the expected level of formalization at the university level, and when they do, it does not necessarily translate to greater relevance in their solutions. These findings indicate that the instruction that the students have received thus far has been insufficient to develop a solid understanding of proof. We conclude by emphasizing the need to focus on how proof is addressed in current instructional processes to tackle the identified difficulties and to create opportunities for meaningful learning.
Despite the importance of proof for developing students' mathematical competence, understanding how its learning occurs remains a challenge for both researchers in Mathematics Education as well as teachers. In this study, we analyze the competence of first year university students in solving a problem involving the conjecture and proof of arithmetic properties. Adopting a predominantly qualitative methodological approach, we integrate the Toulmin's model with tools from the Onto-semiotic Approach to characterize and analyze the practices developed by students. Specifically, we identify the objects and processes involved in the argumentations, relating them to the elements of the Toulmin's model, and examine the degree of generalization achieved. This integration enables us to gain deeper insight into students' competencies with proof and the difficulties they encounter. The results of our study show that, while most students use correct deductive argumentations to validate or refute conjectures explicitly stated in the given problem, they face significant difficulties when formulating conjectures that are not explicitly provided and in developing their proofs. Furthermore, many students fail to achieve the expected level of formalization at the university level, and when they do, it does not necessarily translate to greater relevance in their solutions. These findings indicate that the instruction that the students have received thus far has been insufficient to develop a solid understanding of proof. We conclude by emphasizing the need to focus on how proof is addressed in current instructional processes to tackle the identified difficulties and to create opportunities for meaningful learning.
Description
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