Neuroscience and genetic: can they be a Faustian bargain for addictive behaviours research and treatment?

Abstract

This article investigates the intersection of neuroscience and genetics in understanding and treating substance use disorders (SUDs), questioning whether the emphasis on these fields constitutes a “Faustian bargain.” Advances in neuroscience have elucidated the neural mechanisms of addiction, such as changes in the mesolimbic dopamine system, while genetic research has identified heritable factors contributing to addiction. Despite these insights, there remains a disparity between scientific knowledge and effective clinical applications. The study was done by a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2024 were selected from databases such as PubMed, Scopus and ASSIA. Inclusion criteria required studies to focus on human populations and be available in full text. Boolean expressions guided the search, targeting studies on addiction, genetics, neuroscience, and treatment. The data collection and analysis were conducted independently by reviewers, ensuring reliability and consensus. Out of the reviewed studies, significant findings revealed the complexity of addiction as a biopsychosocial phenomenon. Neuroscientific and genetic advances have provided foundational knowledge but have yet to translate into substantial improvements in treatment strategies. Correlation-focused genetic studies highlight the need for caution in interpreting causality. Additionally, environmental factors, such as stress and social context, play crucial roles in addiction and recovery. In conclusion, this article emphasizes the urgent need to integrate neuroscience, genetics, and environmental factors into a comprehensive addiction treatment model. Greater focus on psychosocial support, applied research, and data-driven interventions is essential for advancing care and addressing the multifaceted nature of SUDs.