Among‐species variation in flower size determines florivory in the largest tropical wetland

Abstract

Premise. Flower damage caused by florivores often has negative consequences for plant reproduction. However, the factors affecting plant–florivore interactions are still poorly understood, especially the role of abiotic factors and interspecific variation in florivory within ecosystems. Thus, the patterns of florivory levels and its consequences for plant communities need to be investigated further. Methods. We assessed the influence of abiotic factors related to climatic seasonality, of phylogenetic relationships among plants, and of functional attributes associated with attractiveness to pollinators on florivory incidence and intensity in the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland. Between December 2020 and November 2021, the percentage of flowers attacked (incidence) and petal area removed (intensity) by florivores were examined in 51 species from 25 families, considering flowering season, the substrate where the plants occur, and flower attributes as potentially determining factors on florivory levels. Results. Phylogeny and environmental factors did not have a significant influence on florivory. The only determinant of interspecific variation in florivory incidence and intensity was flower size, where larger flowers experienced higher florivory levels regardless of season and substrate, while flower arrangement and color were not significant factors. Conclusions. Our study is one of the first to estimate the community-wide effects of biotic and abiotic factors on both the incidence and the intensity of florivory. The magnitude of this plant–florivore interaction may reduce reproductive success and entail selective pressures on plant attractiveness to pollinators.