Proceso de paz y posconflicto en Guatemala : del Estado paralelo a la captura del Estado. El papel de la comisión internacional contra la impunidad en Guatemala
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2023
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10/10/2022
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Esta Tesis Doctoral plantea como punto de partida el análisis de cómo, a pesar de que el proceso de Paz en Guatemala estableció las bases para un nuevo pacto social y un conjunto de acuerdos y propuestas de reformas normativas bajo la mediación de Naciones Unidas, las estructuras de captura del Estado lograron fortalecerse llegando a conformar en conjunto un Estado Paralelo, aprovechándose de la debilidad institucional del marco democrático, particularmente de la ausencia de controles internos y externos, tanto los políticos, los administrativos como los judiciales. Para su desarticulación se acordó (entre el Estado de Guatemala y el secretario general de Naciones Unidas) la creación de una Comisión Internacional contra la impunidad en Guatemala (CICIG-) que a través de sus investigaciones develó la forma en que se conectan y relacionan los grupos de captura dentro del Estado, logrando, por una parte, desarmar con base a exhaustivas investigaciones algunas de estas estructuras, asumiendo en consecuencia, un papel clave el sistema de justicia. Por otra, las investigaciones realizadas permiten reconstruir la evolución de las redes de control paralelo y sus actores a lo largo del tiempo, pasando del Estado Paralelo a un proceso más complejo que tiene como objetivo la Captura del Estado. Esto permite identificar dos procesos diferentes, el de Estado Paralelo y el de Captura del Estado, que pueden unirse o no circunstancialmente, para operar con fines similares. En la última etapa en la que está Guatemala se ha dado una reconfiguración y alianza de los grupos de captura y la consecuente toma de control del sistema de justicia, logrando poner fin al mandato de la CICIG y entrar a una etapa de restauración de las condiciones previas a la firma de la paz y al inicio de la CICIG...
This Doctoral Thesis proposes as a starting point the analysis of how, despite the fact that the Peace process in Guatemala established the bases for a new social pact and a set of agreements and proposals for normative reforms under the mediation of the United Nations, the structures State capture managed to strengthen themselves by forming a Parallel State as a whole, taking advantage of the institutional weakness of the democratic framework. Particularly the absence of internal and external controls, both political, administrative, and judicial. To dismantle it, it was agreed (between Guatemala State and the United Nation General Secretary) to create an International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG). Through its investigations, CICIG revealed the way inwhich the capture groups are organized within the State, achieving, on the one hand, disarming based on exhaustive investigations into some of these structures, consequently assuming a key role the justice system. On the other hand, the investigations carried out allow us to reconstruct the evolution of the parallel control networks and their actors overtime, moving from the Parallel State to a more complex process whose objective is State Capture. This makes it possible to identify two different processes, the Parallel State, and the State Capture, which may or may not join circumstantially, to operate with similar purposes. In the last stage that Guatemala is in, there has been a reconfiguration and alliance of the capture groups and the consequent takeover of the justice system, managing to end the mandate of the CICIG and enter a stage of restoration of the conditions prior to the signing of the peace agreement and the beginning of the CICIG...
This Doctoral Thesis proposes as a starting point the analysis of how, despite the fact that the Peace process in Guatemala established the bases for a new social pact and a set of agreements and proposals for normative reforms under the mediation of the United Nations, the structures State capture managed to strengthen themselves by forming a Parallel State as a whole, taking advantage of the institutional weakness of the democratic framework. Particularly the absence of internal and external controls, both political, administrative, and judicial. To dismantle it, it was agreed (between Guatemala State and the United Nation General Secretary) to create an International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG). Through its investigations, CICIG revealed the way inwhich the capture groups are organized within the State, achieving, on the one hand, disarming based on exhaustive investigations into some of these structures, consequently assuming a key role the justice system. On the other hand, the investigations carried out allow us to reconstruct the evolution of the parallel control networks and their actors overtime, moving from the Parallel State to a more complex process whose objective is State Capture. This makes it possible to identify two different processes, the Parallel State, and the State Capture, which may or may not join circumstantially, to operate with similar purposes. In the last stage that Guatemala is in, there has been a reconfiguration and alliance of the capture groups and the consequent takeover of the justice system, managing to end the mandate of the CICIG and enter a stage of restoration of the conditions prior to the signing of the peace agreement and the beginning of the CICIG...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, leída el 10-10-2022