El Carbonífero marino del ámbito astur-leonés (Zona Cantábrica): síntesis paleontológica
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1996
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Sociedad Española de Paleontología
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Los terrenos carboníferos afloran en todas las unidades que componen el Dominio Astur-Leonés (Unidades de Somiedo-Correcillas, Sobia-Boclón, Aramo, Cuenca Carbonífera Central, Ponga y Picos de Europa). En la región están ex puestos materiales que abarcan desde la misma base del Sistema hasta el Estefaniense. En líneas generales, las rocas prewestfalienses son totalmente marinas, los depósitos del Weslfaliense (aproximadamente eq ui valente a la parte alta del Bashkiriense y a 10clo el Moscovicnse, en términos de la eSlrmi grafía rusa) tienen naturaleza mixta en las
áreas tmís occidentales y marina en las orientales y, finalmente, los materiales estefanienses son fundamentalmente continentales, aunque existen afloramientos panílicos, o incluso marinos, en aJgunas areas de Picos de Europa, donde se alcanzan con seguridad tramos del Kasimoviense Superior que conlienen fusulináceos. El registro fósil de los tramos marinos está constituido esencialmente por algas, foraminíferos, poríferos, tabulados, rugosos, braquiópodos, bivalvos, gasterópodos, cefalópodos, trilobites, ostrácodos, crinoideos y conodontos. Ocasionalmente se han mencionado restos dc otros grupos. De todos ellos, los foraminíferos, rugosos, braquiópodos, cefalópodos, ostrácodos y conodontos,
son los que han atraido la atención preferente, debido, en gran parle, a su abundancia o a su interés como indicadores
estratigráficos. En la parte inferior de la sucesión (Turnesiense, Viseense, ambos de carácter condensado, y Namuriense bajo) el contenido paleontológico es escaso. Está integrado mayoritariamente por conodontos, junto con algunos cefalópodos, crinoideos, braquiópodos, radiolarios, foraminíferos primitivo, y osículos de holoturoideos. Los niveles situados por encima tienen carácter mucho más variado. Las rocas preestefanienses muestran sucesiones en las que alternan depósitos continentales y marinos,
sucesiones originadas en plataformas mixtas de carácter terrígeno carbonatado, series formadas en plataformas carbonatadas extensas y temporalmente muy persistentes, y depósitos que han sido interpretados como de carácter más distal, incluyendo secuencias turbidíticas. En conjunto, su contenido paleontológico es de naturaleza variada y abundancia muy desigual. Junto a intervalos de varios centenares de metros que solo contienen restos aislados, en ciertas localidades hay tramos con abundancia de fósiles que, en algunos casos, llegan a tener carácter biogénico,
Aunque existen deficiencias en el conocimiento paleontológico del Carbonífero marino del ámbito astur-leonés, los estudios llevados a cabo hasta el presente permiten conocer las grandes líneas de la composición de las asociaciones fósiles en diversos lapsos estratigráficos. En un trabajo previo se distinguieron en las Unidades del Ponga y Picos de Europa cinco interva los mayores (que corresponden grosso modo al Turnesiense y Viseense, Serpukhoviense, Bashkiriense, Moscoviense y Kasimoviense)
con composición paleontológica bien distinta, que parecen extrapolables a otras áreas del Dominio Astur-Leonés.
Carboniferous rocks are exposed lhroughout Lhe Asturian-Leonese Domain (Somiedo-Correcillas, Sobia-Bodón, Aramo, ASLUrian Central Coal Basin, Ponga and Picos de Europa Units). Pre-Westphalian rocks are, on Lhe whole, marine in ori gi no In Lhe western part of lhe area, Lhe Weslphalian (regarded here as roughly equivalent LO uppermOSL Bashkirian plus Moscovian) is represented by continental and marine deposiLs whilst, in Ihe eastern parl, on ly marine strata are presenL FinaJly, Stephanian rocks are mainly continentaL However, al ternating contine ntal ane! marine Stephanian slrata, or even wholly marine successions, exist al sorne places in lhe Picos de Europa Unil. In lhe lalter area, ¡imcstones contai ning fusulinids can extend up to the uppermost Kasimovian. Within tbe marine levels, AIgae, Foraminifera, Porifera, Tabulata, Rugosa, Brachiopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Tri lobita, OSlracoda, Crinoidea and Conodonla are the main fossil groups. Among these, Foramjnifera, Rugosa, Brachiopoda, Cephalopoda <Jnd OSlrucodu have been much more intensively in vestigated, probably as a consequence of bOlh their utility in strat ígraphy und lheír abundan ce in the Carboniferous sLlccessions. The lower part of the sllccess ion (including lhe condensed Tournaisian and Visean deposits, the Serpukhovian, and the buse of Bashkirian) is ratiler uniform in lithology and with scarce palaeOtllOlogical content, consisting mainly of conodonts along with so rne cephalopocls, trilobites, ostracods, fo rams, crinoids and brachíopods. On the contrary, the upper part of the succession is Far more diverse in lithology and richer in Fossils. Apart from some thick COIltincntal sequences of Stephanian age, nm deah with in Ihis paper, the Upper Bashkirian, Moscovian and Kasimovian rocks inelude successions re Oecling a wide spectrum oF environmenls, ranging from thick carbonate platform limestones to turbiditic sequences. Although Fossil abundance varies from place to place, lhese rocks are, on lhe whole, very fossiliferous compared 10 those 01' Early Carbonifcrous age, evcn ineluding biogenic deposits. In spite of the existing gaps in knowledge, the research carried out in the Carbonifero lls of this region has allowed LIS lO establish Ihe main fe atures of the foss il assemblages al several straligraphic intervals. In a previous work on the Ponga and Picos de Europa Units the au thors di stinguished five marine intervals (roughly equivalent to lhe Tournai sian and Vi sean, Serpukhovian , BashIUrian, Moscovian and Kasimovian) wilh quite different palaeontological assemblages thal now seem 10 be valíd for Ihe whole Asturian-Leonese Domain.
Carboniferous rocks are exposed lhroughout Lhe Asturian-Leonese Domain (Somiedo-Correcillas, Sobia-Bodón, Aramo, ASLUrian Central Coal Basin, Ponga and Picos de Europa Units). Pre-Westphalian rocks are, on Lhe whole, marine in ori gi no In Lhe western part of lhe area, Lhe Weslphalian (regarded here as roughly equivalent LO uppermOSL Bashkirian plus Moscovian) is represented by continental and marine deposiLs whilst, in Ihe eastern parl, on ly marine strata are presenL FinaJly, Stephanian rocks are mainly continentaL However, al ternating contine ntal ane! marine Stephanian slrata, or even wholly marine successions, exist al sorne places in lhe Picos de Europa Unil. In lhe lalter area, ¡imcstones contai ning fusulinids can extend up to the uppermost Kasimovian. Within tbe marine levels, AIgae, Foraminifera, Porifera, Tabulata, Rugosa, Brachiopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Tri lobita, OSlracoda, Crinoidea and Conodonla are the main fossil groups. Among these, Foramjnifera, Rugosa, Brachiopoda, Cephalopoda <Jnd OSlrucodu have been much more intensively in vestigated, probably as a consequence of bOlh their utility in strat ígraphy und lheír abundan ce in the Carboniferous sLlccessions. The lower part of the sllccess ion (including lhe condensed Tournaisian and Visean deposits, the Serpukhovian, and the buse of Bashkirian) is ratiler uniform in lithology and with scarce palaeOtllOlogical content, consisting mainly of conodonts along with so rne cephalopocls, trilobites, ostracods, fo rams, crinoids and brachíopods. On the contrary, the upper part of the succession is Far more diverse in lithology and richer in Fossils. Apart from some thick COIltincntal sequences of Stephanian age, nm deah with in Ihis paper, the Upper Bashkirian, Moscovian and Kasimovian rocks inelude successions re Oecling a wide spectrum oF environmenls, ranging from thick carbonate platform limestones to turbiditic sequences. Although Fossil abundance varies from place to place, lhese rocks are, on lhe whole, very fossiliferous compared 10 those 01' Early Carbonifcrous age, evcn ineluding biogenic deposits. In spite of the existing gaps in knowledge, the research carried out in the Carbonifero lls of this region has allowed LIS lO establish Ihe main fe atures of the foss il assemblages al several straligraphic intervals. In a previous work on the Ponga and Picos de Europa Units the au thors di stinguished five marine intervals (roughly equivalent to lhe Tournai sian and Vi sean, Serpukhovian , BashIUrian, Moscovian and Kasimovian) wilh quite different palaeontological assemblages thal now seem 10 be valíd for Ihe whole Asturian-Leonese Domain.