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The evolution of the X-ray luminosity functions of unabsorbed and absorbed AGNs out to z ~ 5

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dc.contributor.authorAird, J.
dc.contributor.authorCoil, A. L.
dc.contributor.authorGeorgakakis, A.
dc.contributor.authorNandra, K.
dc.contributor.authorBarro, G.
dc.contributor.authorPérez González, Pablo Guillermo
dc.date.accessioned2023-06-18T06:48:00Z
dc.date.available2023-06-18T06:48:00Z
dc.date.issued2015-07-01
dc.description© 2015 RAS. We thank the referee for helpful comments that have improved this paper. We also thank Johannes Buchner for helpful discussions and providing machine-readable results. We acknowledge helpful discussions with Ranjan Vasudevan. The scientific results reported in this article are based to a significant degree on observations made by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. This work has made use of the Rainbow Cosmological Surveys Database, which is operated by the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). This study makes use of data from AEGIS, a multiwavelength sky survey conducted with the Chandra, GALEX, Hubble, Keck, CFHT, MMT, Subaru, Palomar, Spitzer, VLA, and other telescopes and supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF), NASA, and the STFC. Funding for the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey has been provided by NSF grants AST-95-09298, AST-0071048, AST-0507428, and AST-0507483 as well as NASA LTSA grant NNG04GC89G. Funding for the DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey has been provided by NSF grants AST-0808133, AST-0807630, and AST-0806732. This work made use of images and/or data products provided by the NDWFS (Jannuzi & Dey 1999), which is supported by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO). NOAO is operated by AURA, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the NSF, and the US Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III web site is http://www.sdss3.org/. SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III Collaboration. Based in part on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. This work is based in part on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Some of the data used in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Support for MAST for non-HST data is provided by the NASA Office of Space Science via grant NNX13AC07G and by other grants and contracts. Based in part on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla or Paranal Observatories. JA acknowledges support from a COFUND Junior Research Fellowship from the Institute of Advanced Study, Durham University, and ERC Advanced Grant FEEDBACK at the University of Cambridge. ALC acknowledges support from NSF CAREER award AST-1055081. AG acknowledges the THALES project 383549 that is jointly funded by the European Union and the Greek Government in the framework of the programme 'Education and lifelong learning'. PGP-G acknowledges support from the Spanish Government through MINECO Grant AYA2012-31277.
dc.description.abstractWe present new measurements of the evolution of the X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) of unabsorbed and absorbed active galactic nuclei (AGNs) out to z ~ 5. We construct samples containing 2957 sources detected at hard (2-7 keV) X-ray energies and 4351 sources detected at soft (0.5-2 keV) energies from a compilation of Chandra surveys supplemented by wide-area surveys from ASCA and ROSAT. We consider the hard and soft X-ray samples separately and find that the XLF based on either (initially neglecting absorption effects) is best described by a new flexible model parametrization where the break luminosity, normalization, and faint-end slope all evolve with redshift. We then incorporate absorption effects, separately-modelling the evolution of the XLFs of unabsorbed (20 < log N_H < 22) and absorbed (22 < log N_H < 24) AGNs, seeking a model that can reconcile both the hard-and soft-band samples. We find that the absorbed AGN XLF has a lower break luminosity, a higher normalization, and a steeper faint-end slope than the unabsorbed AGN XLF out to z ~ 2. Hence, absorbed AGNs dominate at low luminosities, with the absorbed fraction falling rapidly as luminosity increases. Both XLFs undergo strong luminosity evolution which shifts the transition in the absorbed fraction to higher luminosities at higher redshifts. The evolution in the shape of the total XLF is primarily driven by the changing mix of unabsorbed and absorbed populations.
dc.description.departmentDepto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica
dc.description.facultyFac. de Ciencias Físicas
dc.description.refereedTRUE
dc.description.sponsorshipUnión Europea (UE)
dc.description.sponsorshipMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), España
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Foundation (NSF)
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), EE.UU.
dc.description.sponsorshipScience and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
dc.description.sponsorshipLong Term Space Astrophysics Program (LTSA-NASA)
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO)
dc.description.sponsorshipAlfred P. Sloan Foundation
dc.description.sponsorshipUS Department of Energy Office of Science
dc.description.sponsorshipNASA Office of Space Science
dc.description.sponsorshipCOFUND Junior Research Fellowship from the Institute of Advanced Study, Durham University
dc.description.sponsorshipERC Advanced Grant FEEDBACK at the University of Cambridge
dc.description.sponsorshipNSF CAREER
dc.description.sponsorshipGreek Government
dc.description.statuspub
dc.eprint.idhttps://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/33806
dc.identifier.doi10.1093/mnras/stv1062
dc.identifier.issn0035-8711
dc.identifier.officialurlhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1062
dc.identifier.relatedurlhttp://arxiv.org/abs/1503.01120
dc.identifier.relatedurlhttp://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/24225
dc.issue.number2
dc.journal.titleMonthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
dc.language.isoeng
dc.page.final1927
dc.page.initial1892
dc.publisherWiley
dc.relation.projectIDTHALES (383549)
dc.relation.projectIDAYA2012-31277
dc.relation.projectIDAST-95-09298
dc.relation.projectIDAST-0071048
dc.relation.projectIDAST-0507428
dc.relation.projectIDAST-0507483
dc.relation.projectIDNNG04GC89G
dc.relation.projectIDAST-0808133
dc.relation.projectIDAST-0807630
dc.relation.projectIDAST-0806732
dc.relation.projectIDNAS5-26555
dc.relation.projectIDNNX13AC07G
dc.relation.projectIDAST-1055081
dc.rights.accessRightsopen access
dc.subject.cdu52
dc.subject.keywordActive galactic nuclei
dc.subject.keywordDeep-field-south
dc.subject.keywordSupermassive black-holes
dc.subject.keywordStar-forming galaxies
dc.subject.keywordOscillation spectroscopic survey
dc.subject.keywordSpectral energy-distributions
dc.subject.keywordMedium sensitivity survey
dc.subject.keywordPoint-source catalogs
dc.subject.keywordLyman break galaxies
dc.subject.keywordRosat bright survey
dc.subject.ucmAstrofísica
dc.subject.ucmAstronomía (Física)
dc.titleThe evolution of the X-ray luminosity functions of unabsorbed and absorbed AGNs out to z ~ 5
dc.typejournal article
dc.volume.number451
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