Estudio funcional de las β Glucosidasas del hongo Talaromyces amestolkiae: aplicaciones biotecnológicas y diseño racional de catalizadores
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2021
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28/02/2020
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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"Introducción" La biomasa vegetal representa una importante fuente renovable de materia prima, ya que sus paredes celulares constituyen la mayor parte del carbono fijado por fotosíntesis. Estas paredes celulares están compuestas principalmente por celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina. La degradación de esta última es clave para utilizar los polisacáridos de la pared celular vegetal, pero también es clave encontrar complejos enzimáticos eficaces para la hidrólisis completa de la celulosa y hemicelulosa, y así poder utilizar todos los carbohidratos que éstas contienen en diferentes aplicaciones biotecnológicas. En lo referente a la celulosa, es el componente mayoritario de la pared celular vegetal (30-50%, dependiendo del tipo de planta). Industrialmente, interesa tanto su sacarificación en monómeros de glucosa, con vistas a la obtención de biocombustibles, como su conversión en productos de alto valor añadido. Existen en la naturaleza numerosos organismos capaces de aprovechar con éxito la celulosa, secretando enzimas que pueden ser usadas en diferentes aplicaciones biotecnológicas. Actualmente, los hongos filamentosos son la principal fuente de estas enzimas para uso comercial, y suelen caracterizarse por su alta productividad y eficacia catalítica, con respecto a las de otros microorganismos. Existen tres tipos de celulasas, que actúan de forma coordinada para degradar la celulosa hasta moléculas de glucosa: endoglucanasas, celobiohidrolasas y β-glucosidasas. Aunque todas son necesarias en los cócteles enzimáticos, los mayores esfuerzos en los últimos años se han centrado en descubrir nuevas β-glucosidasas, ya que representan el paso clave para la sacarificación de la celulosa y la mayor parte de los cócteles enzimáticos comerciales requieren ser suplementados con β-glucosidasas robustas, especialmente para la producción de bioetanol de segunda generación..” Objetivos” El objetivo del trabajo fue profundizar en el conocimiento de las β-glucosidasas producidas por el hongo T. amestolkiae, enzimas robustas que poseen un papel esencial en la transformación de la celulosa, y son capaces de actuar tanto en reacciones de hidrólisis, como en la síntesis de glucósidos con potencial interés en diferentes sectores tecnológicos. Para conseguir estos objetivos, el plan de trabajo fue: 1- Análisis del genoma de T. amestolkiae y de su secretoma, con especial interés en las Beta-glucosidasas producidas por este hongo. 2- Expresión heteróloga de las principales β-glucosidasas de T. amestolkiae en P. pastoris, su purificación y caracterización, y su comparación con las enzimas nativas del hongo. 3- Estudio de la sacarificación de residuos lignocelulósicos utilizando cócteles comerciales suplementados con β-glucosidasas de T. amestolkiae. 4- Obtención de glucósidos de interés mediante reacciones de transglicosilación catalizadas por las β-glucosidasas de T. amestolkiae. 5- Obtención de variantes de estas enzimas para mejorar los rendimientos en la síntesis de glicósidos de interés...
“Introduction” Plant biomass represents an important renewable source of raw materials since most of the carbon fixed by photosynthesis is contained in the cell walls. These cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The degradation of the latter is the key to have access to polysaccharides. It is also essential to find specific enzymes for the complete hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, and then be able to use all their components for different biotechnological applications. Regarding cellulose, this polysaccharide is the major constituent of the plant cell wall (30-50%, depending on the plant type). By its conversion into glucose monomers it could be transformed into biofuels, or other high added value products. There are many organisms able to successfully degrade cellulose, secreting enzymes that can be used for different biotechnological applications. Currently, filamentous fungi are the main source of this type of enzymes for commercial use, which are characterized by their high productivity and high catalytic efficiency with respect to the ones secreted by other microorganisms. There are three types of cellulases, which act in a coordinated way to degrade cellulose to glucose: endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and β-glucosidases. So far, the greatest efforts have been focused on discovering new β-glucosidases, which represent the key step in cellulose degradation. Aims “ The aim of the work was to deepen in the knowledge of the β-glucosidases produced by the fungus T. amestolkiae, robust enzymes that have an essential role in the transformation of cellulose, and are capable of acting both in hydrolysis reactions, or in the synthesis of glycosides with potential interest in different technological sectors. To achieve these objectives, the work plan was: 1- Analysis of the genome and secretome of T. amestolkiae, showing special interest in the β-glucosidases produced by this fungus. 2- Heterologous expression of the main β-glucosidases of T. amestolkiae in P. pastoris, its purification, characterization and comparison with the native enzymes of the fungus. 3- Study of the saccharification of lignocellulosic residues using commercial enzymatic cocktails supplemented with T. amestolkiae β-glucosidases. 4- Synthesis of glycosides of interest with transglycosylation reactions catalyzed by T. amestolkiae β-glucosidases. 5- Obtaining variants of these enzymes to improve yields in the synthesis of glycosides of interest...
“Introduction” Plant biomass represents an important renewable source of raw materials since most of the carbon fixed by photosynthesis is contained in the cell walls. These cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The degradation of the latter is the key to have access to polysaccharides. It is also essential to find specific enzymes for the complete hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, and then be able to use all their components for different biotechnological applications. Regarding cellulose, this polysaccharide is the major constituent of the plant cell wall (30-50%, depending on the plant type). By its conversion into glucose monomers it could be transformed into biofuels, or other high added value products. There are many organisms able to successfully degrade cellulose, secreting enzymes that can be used for different biotechnological applications. Currently, filamentous fungi are the main source of this type of enzymes for commercial use, which are characterized by their high productivity and high catalytic efficiency with respect to the ones secreted by other microorganisms. There are three types of cellulases, which act in a coordinated way to degrade cellulose to glucose: endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and β-glucosidases. So far, the greatest efforts have been focused on discovering new β-glucosidases, which represent the key step in cellulose degradation. Aims “ The aim of the work was to deepen in the knowledge of the β-glucosidases produced by the fungus T. amestolkiae, robust enzymes that have an essential role in the transformation of cellulose, and are capable of acting both in hydrolysis reactions, or in the synthesis of glycosides with potential interest in different technological sectors. To achieve these objectives, the work plan was: 1- Analysis of the genome and secretome of T. amestolkiae, showing special interest in the β-glucosidases produced by this fungus. 2- Heterologous expression of the main β-glucosidases of T. amestolkiae in P. pastoris, its purification, characterization and comparison with the native enzymes of the fungus. 3- Study of the saccharification of lignocellulosic residues using commercial enzymatic cocktails supplemented with T. amestolkiae β-glucosidases. 4- Synthesis of glycosides of interest with transglycosylation reactions catalyzed by T. amestolkiae β-glucosidases. 5- Obtaining variants of these enzymes to improve yields in the synthesis of glycosides of interest...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Farmacia, leída el 28-02-2020