Evaluación educativa de las políticas nutricionales en los centros escolares
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2020
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Abstract
El presente trabajo responde a la necesidad de repensar las actuales políticas y acciones dirigidas a la promoción de la salud desde una perspectiva antropológica, especialmente aquellas que atienden a la educación de la alimentación. En concreto, se analizarán las políticas nutricionales, a través de las medidas dirigidas a mejorar la alimentación de la población en los centros escolares, desde un enfoque educativo. Este enfoque consiste, en primer lugar, en valorar diferentes concepciones de la educación alimentaria y definir lo que entendemos nosotros desde una perspectiva integral. De esta definición se extraerán los indicadores que permitirán valorar las 38 acciones, derivadas de las políticas alimentarias y dirigidas a la educación alimentaria en el panorama internacional y nacional, encontradas en una revisión bibliográfica. Siguiendo esta metodología, observamos que la educación alimentaria se organiza en torno a cuatro ejes: su finalidad (cultura, salud, consumo y relación con el medio); su influencia (biológica y social); su organización (estructuralista y desarrollista) y su alcance (individual y comunitario). Por otro lado, en el análisis de medidas se destaca la heterogeneidad existente en cuanto a la finalidad de los programas, la alta prevalencia de programas justificados por el aumento y presencia de patologías derivadas de la alimentación, el enfoque comunitario de las medidas y la deficiencia de inclusión de la educación general en los programas de educación alimentaria. Como conclusión, es necesario profundizar en la comprensión de la alimentación como hecho humano y social, así como en los agentes responsables de la construcción del conocimiento en torno a este hecho. El enfoque educativo, en el diseño de políticas nutricionales y alimentarias es clave para el desarrollo social.
This research responds to the need to integrate the theory of education in the design of policies and actions aimed at health promotion. Specifically, nutritional policies will be analyzed, through measures aimed at improving the diet of the population through schools, from an educational approach. This approach consists of defining, first of all, what is meant by education in the food field. From this definition, the indicators that will allow evaluating the 38 actions derived from food policies and aimed at food education, found in a bibliographic review. Following this methodology, we observe that food education is organized around four axes: its purpose (culture, health, consumption or relationship with the environment); its influence (biological or social); its organization (structuralist or developmental), and its kind of relation with education (individual or community).On the other hand, the analysis of measures highlights the existing heterogeneity regarding the purpose of the programs, the high prevalence of programs justified by the increase and presence of pathologies derived from food, the community approach to measures, and deficiency of inclusion of general education in food education programs. In conclusion, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of food as a human and social fact, as well as the agents responsible for the construction of its knowledge. The educational approach in the design of nutritional and food policies is key to social development.
This research responds to the need to integrate the theory of education in the design of policies and actions aimed at health promotion. Specifically, nutritional policies will be analyzed, through measures aimed at improving the diet of the population through schools, from an educational approach. This approach consists of defining, first of all, what is meant by education in the food field. From this definition, the indicators that will allow evaluating the 38 actions derived from food policies and aimed at food education, found in a bibliographic review. Following this methodology, we observe that food education is organized around four axes: its purpose (culture, health, consumption or relationship with the environment); its influence (biological or social); its organization (structuralist or developmental), and its kind of relation with education (individual or community).On the other hand, the analysis of measures highlights the existing heterogeneity regarding the purpose of the programs, the high prevalence of programs justified by the increase and presence of pathologies derived from food, the community approach to measures, and deficiency of inclusion of general education in food education programs. In conclusion, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of food as a human and social fact, as well as the agents responsible for the construction of its knowledge. The educational approach in the design of nutritional and food policies is key to social development.