Alteraciones neuromusculares en el dolor lumbar crónico y su tratamiento en fisioterapia
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication date
2017
Defense date
2017
Authors
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Citation
Abstract
El dolor lumbar crónico es una de las principales causas de discapacidad en la sociedad actual, con un gasto económico similar al del cáncer. Afecta de forma más frecuente a personas de sexo femenino, mayores de 45 años, con menores niveles educacionales, fumadoras y con sobrepeso. El 90 % del dolor lumbar crónico es inespecífico, seguido de los síndromes radiculares (10 %) y la patología vertebral específica (<1 %). Las personas con dolor lumbar crónico experimentan una pérdida de su estilo de vida, depresión y baja autoestima que se traducen en dificultades en las relaciones sociales. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es determinar los cambios producidos a nivel de sistema nervioso central y muscular como consecuencia del dolor lumbar crónico. Por un lado, se observan cambios neuroquímicos, estructurales y funcionales en la corteza cerebral, que disminuyen el umbral del dolor y alteran la percepción corporal. Por otro lado, existen cambios en la musculatura estabilizadora de la columna lumbar, tanto en su estructura como en su activación. La conclusión principal es que el conjunto de los cambios va destinado a compensar una falta de estabilidad en la columna lumbar. Al tratar dichos cambios, se concluye que la terapia manual parece ser el tratamiento de elección dentro de una serie de tratamientos pasivos; mientras que el ejercicio terapéutico lo es dentro de los tratamientos activos, sin que ningún tipo sea superior a otro. Tratamientos novedosos basados en la reorganización cortical parecen tener éxito, pero son necesarios más estudios sobre su efectividad.
Chronic pain is one of the main causes of disability in today's society, with an economic expense similar to cancer. It more frequently affects women, over 45 years of age, with lower educational levels, smokers and overweight. 90 % of chronic low back pain is non-specific, followed by radicular syndrome (10 %) and specific spinal pathology (<1 %). People with chronic low back pain experience a loss of lifestyle, depression and low self-esteem that translates into difficulties in social relationships. The aim of this narrative review is to determine the changes produced at the central nervous system level and muscular level because of chronic low back pain. There are certain adaptations as a consequence of chronic low back pain. On the one hand, neurochemical, structural and functional changes are observed in the cerebral cortex, which decrease pain threshold and alter body perception. On the other hand, there are changes in the stabilizing musculature of the lumbar spine, both in its structure and in its activation. The main conclusion is that the set of changes is intended to compensate a lack of stability in the lumbar spine. When treating such changes, it is concluded that manual therapy seems to be the treatment of choice within a series of passive treatments; while the therapeutic exercise is the treatment of choice within the active treatments, without any type being superior to another. Novel treatments based on cortical reorganization seem to be successful, but more studies are needed on its effectiveness.
Chronic pain is one of the main causes of disability in today's society, with an economic expense similar to cancer. It more frequently affects women, over 45 years of age, with lower educational levels, smokers and overweight. 90 % of chronic low back pain is non-specific, followed by radicular syndrome (10 %) and specific spinal pathology (<1 %). People with chronic low back pain experience a loss of lifestyle, depression and low self-esteem that translates into difficulties in social relationships. The aim of this narrative review is to determine the changes produced at the central nervous system level and muscular level because of chronic low back pain. There are certain adaptations as a consequence of chronic low back pain. On the one hand, neurochemical, structural and functional changes are observed in the cerebral cortex, which decrease pain threshold and alter body perception. On the other hand, there are changes in the stabilizing musculature of the lumbar spine, both in its structure and in its activation. The main conclusion is that the set of changes is intended to compensate a lack of stability in the lumbar spine. When treating such changes, it is concluded that manual therapy seems to be the treatment of choice within a series of passive treatments; while the therapeutic exercise is the treatment of choice within the active treatments, without any type being superior to another. Novel treatments based on cortical reorganization seem to be successful, but more studies are needed on its effectiveness.