Publication: ¿A quién pertenecen los valores de los bienes culturales declarados Patrimonio Mundial?
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2015
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones
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Abstract
Presentamos una reflexión sobre el abismo existente entre el significado que tienen las declaraciones de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO y la percepción e interpretación que le llega a la sociedad, transmitida por las declaraciones de los políticos que gestionan el Patrimonio y repetidas por los medios de comunicación. Desde que se proclamó la Convención de 1972 (París) el concepto de Patrimonio Mundial ha experimentado una evolución interesante visible a través de los avances que se han producido en materia de conservación y valoración del Patrimonio por parte de la sociedad y traducida en el reconocimiento de nuevas categorías patrimoniales además de los Monumentos y Sitios: Centros históricos, Itinerarios culturales y Paisajes culturales. Analizamos también los desvíos que afectan a los bienes declarados tales como la reproducción de los bienes patrimoniales, la reproducción del arte y la pérdida de autenticidad como ejemplo del gravísimo problema derivado de las implicaciones legales y económicas sobre la propiedad del Patrimonio. Es un problema cultural que afecta al comportamiento de los gestores cuando actúan con los valores colectivos de los bienes patrimoniales, comportamiento que se contrapone con el modo con que la sociedad quiere mantener la autenticidad de su memoria y tener acceso a su disfrute. El cambio de relación de los ciudadanos con los valores de los bienes Patrimonio Mundial, nos permite señalar que la sociedad ha llegado a considerar que el Patrimonio colectivo ya no nos pertenece ya que solo sirve para su utilización turística. Los cambios demográficos, la liberalización y la descentralización del mercado mundial, el turismo de masas, y la explotación comercial del Patrimonio, han acarreado un cambio de condiciones que lo someten a presiones y problemas asociados al desarrollo, antes inexistente. Si hasta el año 2000 los documentos legales y las recomendaciones de UNESCO habían creado un marco de referencia para la preservación de conjuntos urbanos históricos, las dificultades actuales, las presiones, exigen la formulación y aplicación de una nueva generación de políticas públicas que sirvan para reconocer y proteger la estratificación de valores culturales y naturales. Estas presiones han actuado para desarmar la protección del Patrimonio Mundial. Pero es preciso que la población no lo note. Por eso se explica el éxito del invento de Patrimonio Inmaterial como nueva categoría patrimonial.
In this paper. we present an analysis on the existing abyss, between the meaning that UNESCO statements around World Heritage have, and what is perceived and interpreted by society, from the statements of soliticians managing the heritage, which are also repeated by the media. Since the 1972 Convention (Paris) was proclaimed,the World Heritage concept has experienced an interesting evolution, visible through advances on preservation matter and heritage valuation by society, and resulting on the recognition of new heritage categories on addition to Monuments and Places: Historic City Centers, Cultural Routes and Sceneries. The deviations affecting inscribed assets are also analyzed, such as the reproduction of hereditary assets, art reproduction and loss of authenticity, as an example of the serious problem derived from the legal and economic implications for heritage ownership. This is a cultural issue that affects management behavior when acting with hereditary assets collective values; behavior opposed to the way society desires to keep the authenticity memory and enjoy those assets. The change on the citizens relation with World Heritage values, allows us to point out that society has become to consider that collective heritage does not belong to us, as it is only used for tourist purposes. Demographic changes, world market deregulation and decentralization, mass tourism, and heritage commercial operation, has caused a change on the conditions, subjecting it to pressures and issues related to development, previously inexistent. Until 2000, legal documents and UNESCO recommendations had created the framework for historic city centers preservation; however, current difficulties and pressures demand the articulation and application of a new generation of public policies to recognize and protect the cultural and natural values stratification. These pressures are directed to dismantle the World Heritage protection. But it is essential that the population does not realize it. That is how the Intangible Heritage invention, as a new heritage category, succeeds.
In this paper. we present an analysis on the existing abyss, between the meaning that UNESCO statements around World Heritage have, and what is perceived and interpreted by society, from the statements of soliticians managing the heritage, which are also repeated by the media. Since the 1972 Convention (Paris) was proclaimed,the World Heritage concept has experienced an interesting evolution, visible through advances on preservation matter and heritage valuation by society, and resulting on the recognition of new heritage categories on addition to Monuments and Places: Historic City Centers, Cultural Routes and Sceneries. The deviations affecting inscribed assets are also analyzed, such as the reproduction of hereditary assets, art reproduction and loss of authenticity, as an example of the serious problem derived from the legal and economic implications for heritage ownership. This is a cultural issue that affects management behavior when acting with hereditary assets collective values; behavior opposed to the way society desires to keep the authenticity memory and enjoy those assets. The change on the citizens relation with World Heritage values, allows us to point out that society has become to consider that collective heritage does not belong to us, as it is only used for tourist purposes. Demographic changes, world market deregulation and decentralization, mass tourism, and heritage commercial operation, has caused a change on the conditions, subjecting it to pressures and issues related to development, previously inexistent. Until 2000, legal documents and UNESCO recommendations had created the framework for historic city centers preservation; however, current difficulties and pressures demand the articulation and application of a new generation of public policies to recognize and protect the cultural and natural values stratification. These pressures are directed to dismantle the World Heritage protection. But it is essential that the population does not realize it. That is how the Intangible Heritage invention, as a new heritage category, succeeds.