The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson, and glaucoma

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dc.contributor.authorDaniel Ajoy
dc.contributor.authorRamírez Sebastián, José Manuel
dc.contributor.authorHoz Montañana, María Rosa De
dc.contributor.authorGarcía Martín, Elena Salobrar
dc.contributor.authorSalazar Corral, Juan José
dc.contributor.authorRojas López, María Blanca
dc.contributor.authorLópez Cuenca, Inés
dc.contributor.authorRojas Lozano, María Del Pilar
dc.contributor.authorTriviño Casado, Alberto
dc.contributor.authorRamírez Sebastián, Ana Isabel
dc.date.accessioned2024-01-31T16:40:38Z
dc.date.available2024-01-31T16:40:38Z
dc.date.issued2017-07-06
dc.descriptionReceived: 06 April 2017; Accepted: 16 June 2017; Published: 06 July 2017.
dc.description.abstractMicroglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), act as neuropathology sensors and are neuroprotective under physiological conditions. Microglia react to injury and degeneration with immune-phenotypic and morphological changes, proliferation, migration, and inflammatory cytokine production. An uncontrolled microglial response secondary to sustained CNS damage can put neuronal survival at risk due to excessive inflammation. A neuroinflammatory response is considered among the etiological factors of the major aged-related neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, and microglial cells are key players in these neurodegenerative lesions. The retina is an extension of the brain and therefore the inflammatory response in the brain can occur in the retina. The brain and retina are affected in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and glaucoma. AD is an age-related neurodegeneration of the CNS characterized by neuronal and synaptic loss in the cerebral cortex, resulting in cognitive deficit and dementia. The extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and intraneuronal accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (pTau) are the hallmarks of this disease. These deposits are also found in the retina and optic nerve. PD is a neurodegenerative locomotor disorder with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This is accompanied by Lewy body inclusion composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. PD also involves retinal dopaminergic cell degeneration. Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve, characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss. In this pathology, deposition of Aβ, synuclein, and pTau has also been detected in retina. These neurodegenerative diseases share a common pathogenic mechanism, the neuroinflammation, in which microglia play an important role. Microglial activation has been reported in AD, PD, and glaucoma in relation to protein aggregates and degenerated neurons. The activated microglia can release pro-inflammatory cytokines which can aggravate and propagate neuroinflammation, thereby degenerating neurons and impairing brain as well as retinal function. The aim of the present review is to describe the contribution in retina to microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in AD, PD, and glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
dc.description.departmentDepto. de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL
dc.description.facultyInstituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo
dc.description.facultyFac. de Óptica y Optometría
dc.description.facultyFac. de Medicina
dc.description.refereedTRUE
dc.description.statuspub
dc.identifier.citationRamirez AI, de Hoz R, Salobrar-Garcia E, Salazar JJ, Rojas B, Ajoy D, López-Cuenca I, Rojas P, Triviño A and Ramírez JM (2017) The Role of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson, and Glaucoma. Front. Aging Neurosci. 9:214. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214
dc.identifier.officialurlhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214/full
dc.identifier.relatedurlhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214/full
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/97340
dc.issue.number2017
dc.journal.titleFrontiers in Aging Neuroscience
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherFrontiers Media S.A
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.accessRightsopen access
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subject.cdu617.735:616.9
dc.subject.cdu616.858
dc.subject.cdu616.892.3
dc.subject.cdu617.7-007.681
dc.subject.keywordMicroglia
dc.subject.keywordAlzheimer's Disease
dc.subject.keywordParkinson
dc.subject.keywordGlaucoma
dc.subject.keywordRetina
dc.subject.keywordBeta-amyloid, synuclein
dc.subject.keywordNeuroinflammation
dc.subject.ucmOftalmología
dc.subject.ucmNeurociencias (Medicina)
dc.subject.unesco32 Ciencias Médicas
dc.subject.unesco3201.09 Oftalmología
dc.subject.unesco2490 Neurociencias
dc.titleThe role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson, and glaucoma
dc.typejournal article
dc.type.hasVersionVoR
dc.volume.number9
dspace.entity.typePublication
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