The intercalation chemistry of H2V3O8 nanobelts synthesised by a green, fast and cost-effective procedure

Abstract

H2V3O8 nanobelts have been successfully synthesised from commercial V2O5 powder through a fast and environmental friendly microwave-hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and ICP spectroscopy were used to characterise the morphology and structure–microstructure details. Nanobelts about 100 nm wide and several micrometres long are easily prepared in no more than 2 h. The electrochemical study reveals the reversible insertion of ca. 4 Li per formula unit (400 mAh g−1), through several pseudo-plateaus in the 3.75–1.5 V vs Li+/Li voltage range showing the interest of this material produced by a “green” route as an electrode for lithium rechargeable batteries. After the first cycle a significant capacity loss is observed, though a high capacity, ca. 300 mAh g−1, remains upon cycling. Furthermore, the similarity of discharge and charge curves, pointing to the absence of hydrogen displacement during lithium insertion in H2V3O8, shows that not all protonated systems must be discarded as prospective electrode materials. On the other hand, further reduction down to 1 V is possible to insert up to 5 Li per formula unit (480 mAh g−1). Interestingly it corresponds to full reduction of vanadium to V3+ as it is also confirmed by EELS experiments. However, the full reduction to V3+ is associated with a fast decay of the extra capacity developed at low voltage with increasing current rate. Then for practical use we may consider only the capacity obtained down to 1.5 V.