Terapia Ocupacional en la rehabilitación de la disfunción ejecutiva en adictos a sustancias
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2009
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Elsevier
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Rojo Mota, G., Pedrero Pérez, E., Ruiz Sánchez de León, J. M., Llanero Luque, M., Olivar Arroyo, A. & Puerta García, C. (2009). Terapia Ocupacional en la rehabilitación de la disfunción ejecutiva en adictos a sustancias. Trastornos Adictivos, 11(2), 96-105.
Abstract
Objetivos. La investigación más reciente está aportando un gran caudal de datos a la relación entre la adicción y los sustratos neurológicos en los que se sustenta, así como las funciones cerebrales implicadas en el proceso adictivo. Una de las principales líneas de investigación vincula la adicción al funcionamiento del lóbulo frontal, en especial a los componentes ejecutivos del comportamiento. Diversos trabajos previos encuentran deterioro significativo en el funcionamiento ejecutivo de los adictos a sustancias, que afecta, especialmente, a su desempeño en tareas cotidianas. La Terapia Ocupacional es una disciplina que estudia el desempeño ocupacional de las personas y su utilización como instrumento rehabilitador. El presente trabajo explora las alteraciones debidas a la disfunción ejecutiva y plantea una intervención terapéutica desde la perspectiva ocupacional para los pacientes adictos a sustancias que solicitan tratamiento. Material y métodos. Se revisaron los trabajos que exploran las alteraciones en funciones ejecutivas en adictos a sustancias y las técnicas y programas de rehabilitación desarrolladas por la Terapia Ocupacional en el ámbito del daño cerebral adquirido. Resultados. Se propone un modelo de intervención desde la Terapia Ocupacional que pueda ser incluido en los programas multidisciplinares de tratamiento de las adicciones. Conclusiones. La experiencia acumulada por la Terapia Ocupacional en pacientes con daño cerebral puede facilitar la comprensión de las alteraciones neurológicas en adictos, y su tratamiento, ya sea favoreciendo la adaptación o la restauración de las funciones alteradas, y potenciando el trabajo rehabilitador en otras áreas (por ejemplo, médica, psicológica o educativa).
Objectives. The most recent research has been contributing much data on the relationship between addition and the underlying neurological substrates as well as the brain functions involved in the addictive process. One of the main research lines links addiction to frontal lobe operation, especially to the executive components of behavior. Several previous studies have found a significant impairment in the executive functions of substance-addicted patients, that mainly affect their performance of daily tasks. Occupational Therapy is a discipline that studies the occupational performance of people and its use as a rehabilitating instrument. The present work examines the alterations due to executive dysfunction and poses a therapeutic intervention from the occupational perspective for addicted patients demanding treatment. Material and methods. Studies examining alterations in the executive functions of substance-addicts and the techniques and programs of rehabilitation performed by Occupational Therapy in the scope of the acquired cerebral damage were reviewed. Results. An intervention model is proposed using Occupational Therapy that can be included in multidisciplinary addition treatment programs. Conclusions. The accumulated experience of Occupational Therapy in patients with brain damage can facilitate the understanding of neurological alterations in addicts, and its treatment, whether favoring the adaptation or the restoration of altered functions, and strengthening the rehabilitating work in other areas (medical, psychological or educative).
Objectives. The most recent research has been contributing much data on the relationship between addition and the underlying neurological substrates as well as the brain functions involved in the addictive process. One of the main research lines links addiction to frontal lobe operation, especially to the executive components of behavior. Several previous studies have found a significant impairment in the executive functions of substance-addicted patients, that mainly affect their performance of daily tasks. Occupational Therapy is a discipline that studies the occupational performance of people and its use as a rehabilitating instrument. The present work examines the alterations due to executive dysfunction and poses a therapeutic intervention from the occupational perspective for addicted patients demanding treatment. Material and methods. Studies examining alterations in the executive functions of substance-addicts and the techniques and programs of rehabilitation performed by Occupational Therapy in the scope of the acquired cerebral damage were reviewed. Results. An intervention model is proposed using Occupational Therapy that can be included in multidisciplinary addition treatment programs. Conclusions. The accumulated experience of Occupational Therapy in patients with brain damage can facilitate the understanding of neurological alterations in addicts, and its treatment, whether favoring the adaptation or the restoration of altered functions, and strengthening the rehabilitating work in other areas (medical, psychological or educative).
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