T-cell trans-synaptic vesicles are distinct and carry greater effector content than constitutive extracellular vesicles
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2022
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Nature Research
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Céspedes, P.F., Jainarayanan, A., Fernández-Messina, L. et al. T-cell trans-synaptic vesicles are distinct and carry greater effector content than constitutive extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 13, 3460 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31160-3
Abstract
The immunological synapse is a molecular hub that facilitates the delivery of three activation signals, namely antigen, costimulation/corepression and cytokines, from antigen-presenting cells (APC) to T cells. T cells release a fourth class of signaling entities, trans-synaptic vesicles (tSV), to mediate bidirectional communication. Here we present bead-supported lipid bilayers (BSLB) as versatile synthetic APCs to capture, characterize and advance the understanding of tSV biogenesis. Specifically, the integration of juxtacrine signals, such as CD40 and antigen, results in the adaptive tailoring and release of tSV, which differ in size, yields and immune receptor cargo compared with steadily released extracellular vesicles (EVs). Focusing on CD40L+ tSV as model effectors, we show that PD-L1 trans-presentation together with TSG101, ADAM10 and CD81 are key in determining CD40L vesicular release. Lastly, we find greater RNA-binding protein and microRNA content in tSV compared with EVs, supporting the specialized role of tSV as intercellular messengers.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to our laboratory members and the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology community for constructive scientific discussions, especially to James Felce, David Depoil, Jonathan Webber, Štefan Balint, Alexander Mørch, and Kristina Correa. We thank the technical support of Heather Rada, Kellie Johnson, and Ekaterina Zvezdova (the latter two from BioLegend). We thank Professor Catarina E. Hioe for kindly providing the HIV-1 gp120 protein. We would also like to thank all the anonymized blood donors who contributed to our study. This work was funded by Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellowship 100262Z/12/Z, the ERC Advanced Grant (SYNECT AdG 670930), and the Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research (KTRR) (all three to M.L.D.). P.F.C.D was supported by EMBO Long-Term Fellowship (ALTF 1420–2015, in conjunction with the European Commission (LTFCOFUND2013, GA-2013-609409) and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions) and Oxford-Bristol Myers Squibb Fellowship. A.K. was supported by H2020 and the Research Council of Norway (in conjunction with Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions 275466; to A.K.). M.F. and H.C.Y. thank the Wellcome Trust (212343/Z/18/Z) and EPSRC (EP/S004459/1). The eTIRF-SIM platform was built-in collaboration with Micron (www.micronoxford.com), an Oxford-wide advanced microscopy technology consortium supported by Wellcome Strategic Awards (091911 and 107457), and with additional funds from an MRC/EPSRC/BBSRC next-generation imaging award and the Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research through the Kennedy Institute Cell Dynamics Platform. We acknowledge the generous support of the Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research, IDRM, and Carl Zeiss GMBH for the Airyscan LSM 980 confocal microscope used in this research. Y.P., T.D., and R.F. were supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS), China (grant number: 2018-I2M-2-002) and UK Medical Research Council (MRC); E.S. was supported by Newton-Katip Celebi Institutional Links grant (352333122) and SciLifeLab fellowship (to E.S.). F.S-M. was supported by grants SAF2017-82886-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), and “La Caixa” Banking Foundation (HR17-00016). We thank the NIH Tetramer Core Facility for the synthesis of the HLA-DRB1*09:01 monomers used in this study. We thank the Oxford Genomics Centre at the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant reference 203141/Z/16/Z) for the generation and initial processing of the sequencing data. Finally, we thank the MS laboratory at the Target Discovery Institute NDM (Oxford) led by Benedikt M. Kessler. Pablo F. Céspedes is also known as Pablo F. Céspedes-Donoso (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1641-4107).