Jess Franco: de los márgenes al cine de autor. Análisis del relato cinematográfico
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2019
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13/11/2018
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Este estudio sobre el relato cinematográfico del director madrileño Jesús (Jess) Franco (1930-2013) pretende introducir en el ámbito académico a un cineasta popular, dedicado principalmente al cine de serie B, y cuya prolífica obra se adentra en márgenes habitualmente muy alejados del cine canónico y del interés teórico, como la pornografía o el cine gore. Analizando la narrativa de su cine, distinguiendo los elementos de la historia y los del discurso, se identifica la repetición de unos motivos temáticos y unos procesos narrativos que se convierten en estilemas de autor, dando forma a un relato muy personal y reconocido internacionalmente. Un primer análisis cuantitativo revela que los aspectos temáticos que caracterizan su obra tienen tanta incidencia como otros menos evidentes, tales como la parodia, el melodrama y el género detectivesco, que ocupan la otra mitad de su filmografía. Las raíces literarias, en particular la picaresca, la novela gótica y la literatura de Sade, unidas a la corriente del psicoanálisis y el surrealismo, dan origen a unas historias básicas, esquemáticas, pero también a un discurso más complejo, que juega conscientemente a demoler las formas clásicas y hasta los estándares de calidad, enmascarando la precariedad técnica con ironía o recursos propios de la vanguardias y del cine moderno. La influencia de las obras de Sade es en este aspecto doble, ya Franco no solo se apropia de la iconografía sadeana, sino también de su humor y su descomposición del relato mediante repeticiones, descripciones excesivas, transgresiones y divagaciones, que huyen de la concreción de los relatos del tipo presentación-nudo-desenlace. Este estudio destaca estrategias propias del discurso como la manipulación del tiempo, la frecuencia de ciertos signos, el uso heterodoxo de narradores y narratarios, y una retórica visual cruda y contrastada, que hacen que el sentido último de sus films se apoye más en la expresión de lo narrado que en la historia narrada. Se mantiene por tanto la idea de que el relato franquiano prioriza el discurso sobre la historia, pero siempre huyendo del consenso estético y formal, más bien negándolo y forzando un estilo feísta o un anti-estilo. Al mismo tiempo que la progresiva desconfianza del director en los patrones narrativos clásicos conjugan historias cada vez más incoherentes y vacías de sentido, traspasando la frontera de lo experimental o antinarrativo. De esta forma, sin abandonar la condición de serie B, en muchos casos paupérrima, el relato de Jess Franco posee características que lo conectan con cuestiones propias de su tiempo como la representación, la vigencia de la narración clásica, la metaficción o la posmodernidad. El director eligió, al contrario que muchos de sus coetáneos, utilizar las formas de su tiempo pero no contar nada trascendente con ellas, sino las viejas historias del acervo popular, desmanteladas ya por el uso. Su mirada podía ser vulgar, esperpéntica, o transgresora, pero no buscaba la subversión, ni la sustitución de unos valores por otros. Le motivaba en todo caso la irreverencia, llevar la contraria, pero por una cuestión dionisíaca, de hacer lo que le place y no seguir el camino marcado.
This study of the Spanish filmmaker Jesús (Jess) Franco (1930-2013) aims to introduce to the academic world a popular artist whose prolific career was dedicated mainly to violent and erotic B-movies, thereby taking this study into margins usually far from canonical cinema and theoretical interest, such as pornography or gore cinema. By analyzing the narratives of his films, and distinguishing the elements of story and discourse, the repetition of certain thematic tropes and narrative processes can be identified. These repetitions are the author's marks, giving shape to a very personal and internationally recognized style. A first quantitative analysis reveals that the thematic aspects characterizing his work are equalled in their influence by other aspects perhaps less evident, such as parody, melodrama and the noir genre. Literary roots, including the Picaresque, the Gothic novel, and Sade’s writings, together with trends from psychoanalysis and surrealism, give rise to some basic and schematic stories, but also to a more complex discourse which consciously plays to demolish classical forms and challenge conventional standards of quality, masking technical precariousness with irony or resources from the avant-garde and modern post-war cinema. The influence of Sade's work can be seen in this double aspect, since Franco not only appropriates Sadean iconography but also his humor and his decomposition of story through repetitions, excessive descriptions, transgressions and ramblings, elements which escape concretion into the setup-confrontation-resolution model of plotting. This study highlights within Franco’s work various strategies of discourse – the manipulation of time, the frequency of certain signs, the heterodox use of narrators and narratees, and a crude and contrasted visual rhetoric – which make the ultimate meaning of his films rely more on narrative expression that the story being told. The idea that a Francoesque narrative encourages discourse over story is maintained, but always fleeing from aesthetic and formal consensus, rather denying it and forcing an anti-style. At the same time, the progressive distrust of the director in classical narrative patterns drives him to develop stories increasingly incoherent and empty of meaning, crossing the border of the experimental or anti-narrative. In this way, without abandoning the world of B-movies, in many cases extremely poor, the films of Jess Franco display characteristics that connect with numerous areas of academic interest, including representation, the validity of classical narrative, metafiction and postmodernity. The director chose, unlike many of his contemporaries, to use the forms of his time but instead of telling important, profound, stories, he told simple and familiar ones from the popular culture. His cinema could be vulgar, grotesque, or transgressive, but he did not seek subversion, nor the substitution of some values for others. He was motivated by irreverence, to be against everybody, embracing a Dionysian impulse to do whatever he liked while refusing to follow well-trodden paths.
This study of the Spanish filmmaker Jesús (Jess) Franco (1930-2013) aims to introduce to the academic world a popular artist whose prolific career was dedicated mainly to violent and erotic B-movies, thereby taking this study into margins usually far from canonical cinema and theoretical interest, such as pornography or gore cinema. By analyzing the narratives of his films, and distinguishing the elements of story and discourse, the repetition of certain thematic tropes and narrative processes can be identified. These repetitions are the author's marks, giving shape to a very personal and internationally recognized style. A first quantitative analysis reveals that the thematic aspects characterizing his work are equalled in their influence by other aspects perhaps less evident, such as parody, melodrama and the noir genre. Literary roots, including the Picaresque, the Gothic novel, and Sade’s writings, together with trends from psychoanalysis and surrealism, give rise to some basic and schematic stories, but also to a more complex discourse which consciously plays to demolish classical forms and challenge conventional standards of quality, masking technical precariousness with irony or resources from the avant-garde and modern post-war cinema. The influence of Sade's work can be seen in this double aspect, since Franco not only appropriates Sadean iconography but also his humor and his decomposition of story through repetitions, excessive descriptions, transgressions and ramblings, elements which escape concretion into the setup-confrontation-resolution model of plotting. This study highlights within Franco’s work various strategies of discourse – the manipulation of time, the frequency of certain signs, the heterodox use of narrators and narratees, and a crude and contrasted visual rhetoric – which make the ultimate meaning of his films rely more on narrative expression that the story being told. The idea that a Francoesque narrative encourages discourse over story is maintained, but always fleeing from aesthetic and formal consensus, rather denying it and forcing an anti-style. At the same time, the progressive distrust of the director in classical narrative patterns drives him to develop stories increasingly incoherent and empty of meaning, crossing the border of the experimental or anti-narrative. In this way, without abandoning the world of B-movies, in many cases extremely poor, the films of Jess Franco display characteristics that connect with numerous areas of academic interest, including representation, the validity of classical narrative, metafiction and postmodernity. The director chose, unlike many of his contemporaries, to use the forms of his time but instead of telling important, profound, stories, he told simple and familiar ones from the popular culture. His cinema could be vulgar, grotesque, or transgressive, but he did not seek subversion, nor the substitution of some values for others. He was motivated by irreverence, to be against everybody, embracing a Dionysian impulse to do whatever he liked while refusing to follow well-trodden paths.
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, leída el 13/11/2018