Factores bióticos y abióticos responsables de la distribución e incidencia de "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis" en poblaciones de anfibios de zonas templadas
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2018
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18/12/2017
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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El concepto de enfermedad ha evolucionado mucho durante losúltimos siglos. Actualmente, sabemos que las enfermedades están presentesde manera natural en todos los sistemas ecológicos y se consideran unfactor regulador de la diversidad biológica, a través de fenómenos decompetencia, cambios en la distribución de especies o en procesosevolutivos como la especiación. Las enfermedades causadas por organismosinfecciosos ejercen presiones selectivas sobre el hospedador, que puedellegar a ser capaz de desarrollar adaptaciones que le permitan convivir conel patógeno en el mismo espacio-tiempo. El problema surge cuando undeterminado patógeno es introducido de repente y de forma artificial en unlugar donde los hospedadores potenciales no han desarrollado unainmunidad específica para combatirlo. En este caso hablamos deenfermedades emergentes, y son una de las principales causas de la pérdidade biodiversidad acelerada que estamos viviendo en la actualidad.Entre los vertebrados, los anfibios son uno de los grupos másamenazados, por delante de aves y mamíferos. En este caso, hongos y virusde reciente aparición están siendo responsables de su rarefacción en todo elmundo. Esta tesis se centra en el estudio del hongo patógenoBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis (en adelante Bd), del orden Chytridiales, cuyareciente expansión está afectando gravemente a multitud de especies deanfibios. El primer declive conocido en Europa por este hongo ocurrió enla Sierra de Guadarrama en el período 1997-2002 y desde ese momento, nohan cesado los esfuerzos encaminados a frenar su expansión, dilucidar suorigen y entender la dinámica de la infección (una revisión delconocimiento existente en España hasta la fecha se recoge en laIntroducción, Capítulo 1). La presente tesis doctoral forma parte de esosesfuerzos, y tiene como objetivos generales recabar información sobre ladistribución del patógeno en algunas áreas críticas de la Península Ibérica ydel Norte de Marruecos (Bloque I), así como analizar diferentes factoresbióticos y abióticos que modulan la dinámica y las consecuencias de laenfermedad (Bloque II)...
The concept of disease has evolved greatly over the last few centuries.Currently, we know that diseases are naturally present in all ecologicalsystems and are considered as a key factor regulating biodiversity throughcompetition phenomena, with consequent changes in the distribution ofspecies, and modulating evolutionary processes such speciation. Diseasescaused by infectious organisms exert selective pressure on the hosts thatmay be able to develop adaptations allowing them to coexist with thepathogens in the same space-time. The problem arises when a pathogen isintroduced, suddenly and artificially, in a place where the potential hostshave not developed a specific immunity. In that case we refer to emergingdiseases, which are one of the main causes of accelerated biodiversity lossthat we are witnessing nowadays.Among vertebrates, amphibians are one of the most threatenedanimal groups today, ahead of birds and mammals. Their rarefactionaround the world is in great part related to newly emerging fungi andviruses. This thesis focuses on the study of the pathogenic fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereinafter Bd), of the order Chytridiales,whose recent expansion is seriously affecting to multitude of amphibianspecies. The first decline known in Europe for this fungus occurred in theSierra de Guadarrama in the period 1997-2002, and since then, efforts tocurb its expansion, elucidate its origin and understand the dynamics ofinfection have not ceased (a review of the knowledge existing in Spain inthat sense to date is shown in the Introduction, Chapter 1). This doctoralthesis is part of these efforts and its general objectives are to collectinformation on the distribution of the pathogen in some critical areas ofthe Iberian Peninsula and North of Morocco (Block I), as well as to analysedifferent biotic and abiotic factors that are modulating the dynamics andconsequences of the disease (Block II)...
The concept of disease has evolved greatly over the last few centuries.Currently, we know that diseases are naturally present in all ecologicalsystems and are considered as a key factor regulating biodiversity throughcompetition phenomena, with consequent changes in the distribution ofspecies, and modulating evolutionary processes such speciation. Diseasescaused by infectious organisms exert selective pressure on the hosts thatmay be able to develop adaptations allowing them to coexist with thepathogens in the same space-time. The problem arises when a pathogen isintroduced, suddenly and artificially, in a place where the potential hostshave not developed a specific immunity. In that case we refer to emergingdiseases, which are one of the main causes of accelerated biodiversity lossthat we are witnessing nowadays.Among vertebrates, amphibians are one of the most threatenedanimal groups today, ahead of birds and mammals. Their rarefactionaround the world is in great part related to newly emerging fungi andviruses. This thesis focuses on the study of the pathogenic fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereinafter Bd), of the order Chytridiales,whose recent expansion is seriously affecting to multitude of amphibianspecies. The first decline known in Europe for this fungus occurred in theSierra de Guadarrama in the period 1997-2002, and since then, efforts tocurb its expansion, elucidate its origin and understand the dynamics ofinfection have not ceased (a review of the knowledge existing in Spain inthat sense to date is shown in the Introduction, Chapter 1). This doctoralthesis is part of these efforts and its general objectives are to collectinformation on the distribution of the pathogen in some critical areas ofthe Iberian Peninsula and North of Morocco (Block I), as well as to analysedifferent biotic and abiotic factors that are modulating the dynamics andconsequences of the disease (Block II)...
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ecología, leída el 18-12-2017