Rendición de cuentas y legitimidad: una propuesta de tipología de los sistemas políticos autocráticos y democráticos
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2020
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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En este artículo pretendemos presentar el concepto de sistema político como la base para la elaboración de una tipología empíricamente útil para dividir los sistemas políticos en categorías que nos permitan extraer conclusiones sobre su funcionamiento. El concepto de sistema nos engloba el marco de objetivos, normas y estructuras en el que se desenvuelven los actores para dar respuestas a las demandas, incorporando tanto el marco normativo, como la interacción de los actores con objetivos, normas y estructuras y de éstos a su vez con las demandas. En este estudio identificamos dentro del enfoque sistémico dos momentos: el sistema como procesamiento de demandas y el sistema como productor de resultados. Empleamos el sistema como procesamiento de demandas como centro de nuestro ejercicio clasificatorio, basado en dos nociones básicas para la Ciencia Política, la rendición de cuentas y la legitimidad. Centrando nuestro análisis en el modo en que se procesan las demandas hemos aplicado tres criterios de clasificación: el número efectivo de actores y grupos de intermediación y articulación de demandas ante los que responde el sistema, el carácter civil o militar de los dirigentes del sistema y el principio de legitimidad frente a los apoyos al sistema. Finalmente, en este artículo procedemos a aplicar las categorías resultantes en todos los países entre 1960 y 2006, comparándolo con otras clasificaciones.
In this article, we intend to introduce the concept of political system as the basis for the development of an empirically useful tool to divide the political systems in categories that allow us to draw conclusions. The concept of system incorporates the framework of objectives, rules and structures in which actors perform in order to respond to the demands (inputs) of the population, incorporating both the regulatory framework, as the interaction of the actors with goals, standards and structures and the feedback process. In this study, we identified within the systemic approach two moments: the system as demands processing (inputs) and the system as producing results (outputs). We focus in this article in the systems as input processing in order to create our typology, based on two basic concepts for Political Science, accountability and legitimacy. Focusing our analysis on how claims are processed we applied three classification criteria: the actual number of actors and groups of articulation of demands beyond which the system is held accountable, the principle of legitimacy and civilian or military nature of the system leadership. Finally, in this article we proceed to apply the categories resulting in all countries between 1960 and 2006, concentrating more in the comparative analysis with other large-scale classifications.
In this article, we intend to introduce the concept of political system as the basis for the development of an empirically useful tool to divide the political systems in categories that allow us to draw conclusions. The concept of system incorporates the framework of objectives, rules and structures in which actors perform in order to respond to the demands (inputs) of the population, incorporating both the regulatory framework, as the interaction of the actors with goals, standards and structures and the feedback process. In this study, we identified within the systemic approach two moments: the system as demands processing (inputs) and the system as producing results (outputs). We focus in this article in the systems as input processing in order to create our typology, based on two basic concepts for Political Science, accountability and legitimacy. Focusing our analysis on how claims are processed we applied three classification criteria: the actual number of actors and groups of articulation of demands beyond which the system is held accountable, the principle of legitimacy and civilian or military nature of the system leadership. Finally, in this article we proceed to apply the categories resulting in all countries between 1960 and 2006, concentrating more in the comparative analysis with other large-scale classifications.