Las puertas de la virtud: discursos y prácticas de la élite de los pardos por la igualdad de derechos en el Circuncaribe Hispano (1790-1821)
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2023
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23/05/2022
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los discursos y prácticas sociales de la élite de los pardos para alcanzar la igualdad de derechos en el Circuncaribe hispano (1790-1821). Esta es una región conformada por la costa continental del Caribe, que demográficamente estaba caracterizada por una mayoritaria de población libre de sangre mezclada (aproximadamente del 30% al 50%, según la provincia), quienes comúnmente eran denominados Pardos. Esta población a pesar de ser una mayoría social, políticamente representaba una minoría, en virtud de su mezcla de ascendencia africana, lo que les otorgaba una condición jurídicamente incierta. En términos sociológicos, sin embargo, esta población constituía una élite emergente. Dentro del Circuncaribe hispano, esta investigación analiza específicamente las provincias de Cumaná y Caracas, en la Capitanía General de Venezuela; de Cartagena de Indias, Panamá y Portobelo, en el Virreinato de Nueva Granada; y de Cartago y Matina, en la Gobernación de Costa Rica, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1790 y 1821. Se trata de una etapa política e ideológicamente conflictiva, en las provincias circuncaribeñas, en virtud de las experiencias revolucionarias atlántico-caribeñas; la ebullición ideológica del ideario radical republicano y liberal monárquico; y de la profunda transformación institucional de la Monarquía española. En este escenario ideológicamente convulso, surge la Real Cédula de Gracias al Sacar, de 1795, cuyas peticiones de Dispensa de color representaron para la élite libre de sangre mezclada la oportunidad para -previo pago de unas tasas- ser habilitado civilmente con los mismos derechos que el resto de vasallos españoles llanos. La medida representó, pues, un instrumento legal para renegociar, dentro de los canales institucionales coloniales, la inconsistencia entre su posición social y su estatus legal incierto...
The aim of this study is to analyse the discourses and social practices of the Pardo elite to achieve equal rights in the Hispanic Circum-Caribbean (1790-1821). This is a region made up of the mainland Caribbean coast, which demographically was characterised by a majority free population of mixed blood (approximately 30% to 50%, depending on the province), who were commonly referred to as Pardos. This population, although a social majority, politically represented a minority by virtue of their mixture of African ancestry, which gave them a legally uncertain status. In sociological terms, however, this population constituted an emerging elite. Within the Hispanic Circum-Caribbean, this research specifically analyses the provinces of Cumaná and Caracas, in the Captaincy General of Venezuela; Cartagena de Indias, Panama and Portobelo, in the Viceroyalty of New Granada; and Cartago and Matina, in the Governorate of Costa Rica, during the period between 1790 and 1821. This was a politically and ideologically conflictive period in the circum-Caribbean provinces, due to the Atlantic-Caribbean revolutionary experiences; the ideological ferment of the radical republican and liberal monarchical ideology; and the profound institutional transformation of the Spanish Monarchy. In this ideologically convulsive scenario, the Royal Decree of Gracias al Sacar (1795), whose requests for a Dispensation of Colour represented an opportunity for the free elite of mixed blood to be granted civil status with the same rights as the rest of the ordinary Spanish vassals, subject to the payment of a fee. The measure thus represented a legal instrument to renegotiate, within the colonial institutional channels, the inconsistency between their social position and their uncertain legal status...
The aim of this study is to analyse the discourses and social practices of the Pardo elite to achieve equal rights in the Hispanic Circum-Caribbean (1790-1821). This is a region made up of the mainland Caribbean coast, which demographically was characterised by a majority free population of mixed blood (approximately 30% to 50%, depending on the province), who were commonly referred to as Pardos. This population, although a social majority, politically represented a minority by virtue of their mixture of African ancestry, which gave them a legally uncertain status. In sociological terms, however, this population constituted an emerging elite. Within the Hispanic Circum-Caribbean, this research specifically analyses the provinces of Cumaná and Caracas, in the Captaincy General of Venezuela; Cartagena de Indias, Panama and Portobelo, in the Viceroyalty of New Granada; and Cartago and Matina, in the Governorate of Costa Rica, during the period between 1790 and 1821. This was a politically and ideologically conflictive period in the circum-Caribbean provinces, due to the Atlantic-Caribbean revolutionary experiences; the ideological ferment of the radical republican and liberal monarchical ideology; and the profound institutional transformation of the Spanish Monarchy. In this ideologically convulsive scenario, the Royal Decree of Gracias al Sacar (1795), whose requests for a Dispensation of Colour represented an opportunity for the free elite of mixed blood to be granted civil status with the same rights as the rest of the ordinary Spanish vassals, subject to the payment of a fee. The measure thus represented a legal instrument to renegotiate, within the colonial institutional channels, the inconsistency between their social position and their uncertain legal status...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 23/05/2022