Emigrées économiques ou exilées politiques espagnoles? Une frontière difficile à établir
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2009
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Université Libre de Bruxelles
Citation
Fernández Asperilla, Ana. «Emigrées économiques ou exilées politiques espagnoles ? Une frontière difficile à établir». Sextant, n.o 26, febrero de 2009, pp. 77-91. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.4000/sextant.3817.
Abstract
Des années trente à l’entrée de l’Espagne dans l’Union européenne, les migrations de femmes vers l’étranger sont liées aux exodes migratoires qui se sont produits à partir de la Guerre civile : l’exil républicain d’abord, l’émigration économique de la fin des années cinquante au milieu des années soixante-dix ensuite. Cependant, les exilées républicaines ne sont pas les seules femmes à avoir quitté l’Espagne pour des raisons politiques. Aux exodes migratoires antérieurs, il faut ajouter les émigrées de deuxième génération, nées en Espagne et amenées en vertu du regroupement familial par leurs parents vers les pays d’accueil ; ou bien nées dans les pays européens demandeurs de main-d’œuvre espagnole. A ce propos, nous nous référerons à un débat qui s’est tenu tant au niveau académique que parmi les acteurs eux-mêmes. Ce débat oppose traditionnellement l’émigration politique et économique comme des réalités totalement différentes. Cette opposition émane de l’idée préconçue des valeurs qu’on leur assigne. De sorte que l’exil politique espagnol seul représenterait des valeurs positives, comme la lutte pour la démocratie et la culture de la Seconde République espagnole. A l’inverse, l’émigration économique est associée à des valeurs négatives, comme l’inculture, la pauvreté et le franquisme.
From the 1930s to Spain’s entry into the European Union, women’s migration abroad is linked to the migratory exoduses that took place after the Civil War: firstly Republican exile, then economic emigration from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s. However, Republican exiles were not the only women to leave Spain for political reasons. In addition to previous migratory exoduses, there were also second-generation emigrants, born in Spain and brought to the host countries by their parents under family reunification schemes, or born in European countries that were seeking Spanish labour. In this respect, we will refer to a debate that has taken place both at an academic level and among the actors themselves. This debate traditionally opposes political and economic emigration as completely different realities. This opposition stems from the preconceived idea of the values assigned to them. In other words, Spanish political exile alone represents positive values, such as the fight for democracy and the culture of the Second Spanish Republic. Conversely, economic emigration is associated with negative values, such as a lack of culture, poverty, and Francoism.
From the 1930s to Spain’s entry into the European Union, women’s migration abroad is linked to the migratory exoduses that took place after the Civil War: firstly Republican exile, then economic emigration from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s. However, Republican exiles were not the only women to leave Spain for political reasons. In addition to previous migratory exoduses, there were also second-generation emigrants, born in Spain and brought to the host countries by their parents under family reunification schemes, or born in European countries that were seeking Spanish labour. In this respect, we will refer to a debate that has taken place both at an academic level and among the actors themselves. This debate traditionally opposes political and economic emigration as completely different realities. This opposition stems from the preconceived idea of the values assigned to them. In other words, Spanish political exile alone represents positive values, such as the fight for democracy and the culture of the Second Spanish Republic. Conversely, economic emigration is associated with negative values, such as a lack of culture, poverty, and Francoism.










