Effects of perceived discrimination on health, social support, and risk of mental ill-health among women experiencing homelessness in Spain: A longitudinal study

Abstract

In this 36-month longitudinal study, we aim to evaluate the relationships between perceived discrimination related to homelessness and various indicators of health, substance abuse, and social support. Participants were adult women experiencing homelessness in Madrid (Spain; N = 136). Information was gathered through a structured interview and questionnaires composed of self-report measures, both at baseline and at annual follow-up interviews. Results indicate that 65.4% of women have felt discriminated against for being homeless, while 34.6% have not. Comparisons between groups showed that women who felt they had been discriminated against had a worse perception of their general state of health, a higher rate of serious illness or accident, and a higher rate of pain or physical discomfort. They also reported more substance use, increased feelings of loneliness or abandonment, and less emotional support. Finally, women who felt they had been discriminated against reported worse mental health in all follow-up interviews, compared with women who did not report such discrimination. The results obtained may be useful to guide the design and implementation of health policies, health services, and care programs for women experiencing homelessness from a gender perspective.