GM-CSF como biomarcador pronóstico y modulador del microambiente tumoral en melanoma
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2026
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12/06/2026
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El melanoma cutáneo es una neoplasia maligna originada a partir de los melanocitos, localizados principalmente en la capa basal de la epidermis, y constituye uno de los tumores cutáneos con mayor agresividad y mortalidad. La introducción de la inmunoterapia ha supuesto un avance fundamental en el tratamiento del melanoma, mejorando de forma notable la supervivencia global, aunque no todos los pacientes desarrollan respuestas duraderas. Por ello, resulta crucial profundizar en los mecanismos biológicos de progresión tumoral e identificar biomarcadores que permitan una estratificación más precisa del riesgo de recaída y una mejor selección terapéutica. En el microambiente tumoral (TME), los macrófagos asociados a tumor (TAMs) se encuentran entre las poblaciones celulares infiltrantes más abundantes y presentan una notable heterogeneidad funcional. Estudios ómicos han identificado subpoblaciones de TAMs con perfiles transcriptómicos y proteómicos diferenciados, modulados por distintos factores, como citoquinas, que regulan su perfil secretor y la interacción con las células tumorales. El factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos (GM-CSF) es una citoquina con un papel bien establecido en la diferenciación y activación de células mieloides, así como en la modulación de procesos inflamatorios. No obstante, su contribución en el contexto tumoral es controvertida, ya que se le han atribuido tanto funciones que favorecen la activación del sistema inmunitario como funciones protumorales, dependiendo del contexto. A pesar de la existencia de estrategias terapéuticas basadas en esta citoquina, su implicación específica en el microambiente tumoral del melanoma no ha sido completamente caracterizada...
Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant neoplasm derived from melanocytes, which are primarily located in the basal layer of the epidermis, and represents one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of skin cancer. The introduction of immunotherapy represents a major breakthrough in melanoma treatment, leading to a significant improvement in overall survival; however, not all patients develop durable responses. Therefore, it is crucial to further elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying tumor progression and to identify biomarkers that allow more accurate stratification of relapse risk and better therapeutic decision-making.Within the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the most abundant infiltrating populations and display marked functional heterogeneity. Omics-based studies have identified TAM subpopulations with distinct transcriptomic and proteomic profiles, shaped by various factors, including cytokines, which regulate their secretome and interactions with tumor cells. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine with a well-established role in myeloid cell differentiation and activation, as well as in the modulation of inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, its role in the tumor context remains controversial, as both immunostimulatory and pro-tumoral functions have been attributed to GM-CSF in a context-dependent manner. Despite the existence of therapeutic strategies based on this cytokine, its specific involvement in the melanoma tumor microenvironment remains incompletely characterized...
Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant neoplasm derived from melanocytes, which are primarily located in the basal layer of the epidermis, and represents one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of skin cancer. The introduction of immunotherapy represents a major breakthrough in melanoma treatment, leading to a significant improvement in overall survival; however, not all patients develop durable responses. Therefore, it is crucial to further elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying tumor progression and to identify biomarkers that allow more accurate stratification of relapse risk and better therapeutic decision-making.Within the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the most abundant infiltrating populations and display marked functional heterogeneity. Omics-based studies have identified TAM subpopulations with distinct transcriptomic and proteomic profiles, shaped by various factors, including cytokines, which regulate their secretome and interactions with tumor cells. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine with a well-established role in myeloid cell differentiation and activation, as well as in the modulation of inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, its role in the tumor context remains controversial, as both immunostimulatory and pro-tumoral functions have been attributed to GM-CSF in a context-dependent manner. Despite the existence of therapeutic strategies based on this cytokine, its specific involvement in the melanoma tumor microenvironment remains incompletely characterized...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, leída el 12-06-2026











